Free Essays on Thanks To My Mother

Because of My Mother by Schoschana Rabinovici is one of the most moving journals I have ever found out about the Holocaust. Conceived Susie Weksler, Rabinovici was just eight when Hitler's powers attacked her Lithuanian city of Vilnius, an incredible community for Jewish learning and culture. Before long, her family confronted craving and dread in the Jewish ghetto, yet the more regrettable was at this point to come. At the point when the ghetto is sold, a few Jews are chosen for constrained work camps and the rest are murdered. Susie would live in view of her mom's fortitude and creativity. She conveys Susie, covered up in a rucksack, to the gathering bound for the work camps. Susie is veiled as a grown-up to trick the watchmen into accepting she is 17. Her mom thinks about her body and soul through grisly conditions in three inhumane imprisonments and a winter passing walk. This is an unpleasant book. It is astonishing what the human soul can suffer when there is just a touch of expectation. Susie's mom is resolved that not exclusively will the two of them endure, however that she will hold her humankind simultaneously, frequently sharing proportions and considering approaches to support different detainees. Rabinovici is unsparing in her memories: she portrays determinations when infants deserted by their moms are stomped on, a bathhouse premature birth, and a loathsome excursion on the payload deck of a boat where the travelers are splashed with dung and regurgitation. The main concession made to more youthful perusers is references that characterize strict, political and notable terms. Its greatest flaw is that the creator comes up short on the redemptive vision of, for instance, Livia Bitton-Jackson in I Have Lived a Thousand Years. Perusers whose interests incorporate Holocaust declarations and don't rely upon artistic clean, and are intellectually arranged for the cruelty of Rabinovici's encounters, will leave away with recharged energy about the uncommon strength required to endure those critical times.... Free Essays on Thanks To My Mother Free Essays on Thanks To My Mother On account of My Mother by Schoschana Rabinovici is one of the most moving diaries I have ever found out about the Holocaust. Conceived Susie Weksler, Rabinovici was just eight when Hitler's powers attacked her Lithuanian city of Vilnius, an extraordinary community for Jewish learning and culture. Before long, her family confronted yearning and dread in the Jewish ghetto, however the more regrettable was at this point to come. At the point when the ghetto is sold, a few Jews are chosen for constrained work camps and the rest are executed. Susie would live as a result of her mom's boldness and resourcefulness. She conveys Susie, covered up in a rucksack, to the gathering bound for the work camps. Susie is veiled as a grown-up to trick the watchmen into accepting she is 17. Her mom thinks about her body and soul through grim conditions in three inhumane imprisonments and a winter passing walk. This is a frightful book. It is stunning what the human soul can suffer when there is just a touch of expectation. Susie's mom is resolved that not exclusively will the two of them endure, yet that she will hold her mankind all the while, frequently sharing proportions and considering approaches to support different detainees. Rabinovici is unsparing in her memories: she portrays choices when children relinquished by their moms are stomped on, a bathhouse fetus removal, and a terrible excursion on the load deck of a boat where the travelers are showered with dung and regurgitation. The main concession made to more youthful perusers is references that characterize strict, political and noteworthy terms. Its greatest flaw is that the creator does not have the redemptive vision of, for instance, Livia Bitton-Jackson in I Have Lived a Thousand Years. Perusers whose interests incorporate Holocaust declarations and don't rely upon abstract clean, and are intellectually arranged for the brutality of Rabinovici's encounters, will leave away with restored valuation for the uncommon backbone required to endure those critical times....

4G Wireless Network Network Technologies

Question: Talk about the 4G Wireless Network for Network Technologies. Answer: Presentation Remote system innovations have made due for a few ages as 1G and 2G administrations which offered confined types of assistance. Customers of 2G just as 2.5G are mentioning for better quality information, media and voice benefits as they have in wired system. Be that as it may, the information rate required for this is high, which is moreover past the third era arrange limits. This propelled the investigation of the 4G remote systems. 4G remote system vision brings various convenient and remote frameworks and the reason for this examination is to discover total information about 4G remote system. There is an essential qualification between remote system and wired system. Remote frameworks are PC systems which are not related with any kind of connections. The usage of a remote framework engages dares to keep up a vital good ways from the outlandish methodology of bringing connections and associations among various areas. The premises of 4G remote systems are named as radio waves, which is a physical level framework execution. 4G remote systems have various covered systems. This investigation is sorted out with the assistance of different articles, researchers articles and exploration papers and diaries. In this investigation different articles, research papers are utilized to set up this report about 4G remote systems different sorts of remote parts which will offer a costly help for the customers, so every customer can without much of a stretch speak with the help of these models and systems. Customers won't simply have the capacity to utilize web benefits yet in addition the ability to use different administrations, for example, voice just as some other regular applications. 4G remote system help in upgrading the administrations and help the clients to get a broad assortment of administrations and information. The 4G remote system is limited in certain regions in this way, this examination is confined to discover how 4G arrange functions in country zones since it confined to scan for rustic regions 4G organize correspondence framework, its design. Discoveries 4G Wireless Network Original adaptable remote systems were introduced in mid-eighties just as second era structures introduced after the 1980s and were arranged basically for the transmission of the voice (Abdeljebbar Kouch, 2014). The hidden systems used straightforward repeat tweak while another model and furthermore the resulting versatile structures use electronic correspondence methodologies with TDM, FDM or the CDMA (Barken Bermel, 2004). The third period remote structures which are just getting introduced on the planet markets offer amazingly higher data rates just as license vital upgrades over the remote 2G systems (Barnes O'Farrell, 2002). 3G remote structures were proposed to give voice just as paging organizations to give natural sight and sound including video visiting and web get to and a combination of various organizations. Be that as it may, these structures offer WAN system of around 384 kbps peak rate just as compelled extent of 2 Mbps (Chen, 2014). Thus giving broadband organizations may be the genuine destinations of the remote 4G structures. 4G phones ought to be a lot faster, yet that isn't commonly the circumstance. There are such an assortment of developments named as 4G, remote innovation along these lines various ways to deal with realize them, that the term is skirting on random (Barnes O'Farrell, 2002). Worldwide Telecommunications, a standards body, endeavored to give essentials to make a system 4G remote system yet they were disregarded through transporters, and over the long haul the ITU quit. 4G progressions consolidate HSPA+, WiMAX, just as LTE (Barken Bermel, 2004). Unwavering quality of versatile correspondence is probably the most sweltering subject these days. The development of 4G remote system is blasting with fast as a result of front line and rising innovations it gives (Gobjuka, 2005). Present occasions are just the start for passing on 3G remote correspondence systems, 4G Wireless systems. Stream times are the perfect beginning for passi ng on 3G flexible correspondence structures, trek research on the coming time of convenient trades (Hurley, 2006). This paper focuses on the subject of 4G remote system from a particular perspective. After a short overview of the improvement history and status of adaptable correspondences and related 4G arrange perspectives, after this a general 4G remote system feature structure considering the segment thought of blend, in hitch to key segments of the three targets are depicted in unpretentious component (Jaloun Guennoun, 2010). The thoughts of both external and inside grouped characteristics of each goal are described to depict the causes and game plans of the flexible part. The nearness of 4G Networks in the present development driven society is basic markers of progress and change (Hurley, 2006). 4G organize frameworks, are planned to support upgraded remote limits, framework speeds, and visual headways (Jaloun Guennoun, 2010). It is predicted that as these frameworks continue f lourishing, the enthusiasm for bleeding edge related advancements will in like manner create, along these lines making new alternatives for shrewd development customers to outperform their pined for wants (Hurley, 2006). The going with exchange will evaluate the current state of 3G Networks and will take a gander at the future capacity of these frameworks in expanding advancement based capacities for customers and organizations the same (Jaloun Guennoun, 2010). This examination show a general vision of the 4G frameworks start by demonstrating a bit of the key parts they will give, and a short time later discussing key troubles the authorities and dealers are trying to decide, in conclusion rapidly depicting a segment of the proposed answers for these issues. 4G remote system is the expression used to depict the fourth era remote systems (Jaloun Guennoun, 2010). 4G remote system is a next stage from 3G remote system, which is directly the much expansive, quick speed arrange. 4G remot e system is just open in scarcely any constrained regions (Hurley, 2006). While every one of the 4G remote organization is known as4G, the essential advancement isn't comparable (Fledderus, 2005). Run, for example, uses WiMax headway for their 4G system, while Verizon association utilizes an advancement named as a LTE. Notwithstanding what development is at its back, 4G remote system is expected to pass on speed (Ganesh Pahlavan, 2002). Generally speaking, 4G remote systems ought to be somewhere around multiple times a lot speedier than the present remote 3G frameworks. A few associations said that the 4G remote WiMax framework can give download speeds are multiple times speedier than the remote 3G organize associations, with speeds around 10 megabits for consistently (Gobjuka, 2005). 4G remote systems is a fourth time of remote correspondence. 4G remote system is a phase up from the remote 3G arrange, which is at present the most broad, quick speed organization (Glisic Veiga, 2009) . 4G remote system is only available in limited regions. While as yet being created, the foundations for the replacement of the momentum framework is correct currently being fabricated and explored by the telephone business and other innovative fashioners (Hurley, 2006). The general objective of the framework is to give a comprehensive and safe Internet Protocol plan with a lot snappier data speeds than the past periods. The 4G Wireless system is a safe and ensured and secure and various administrations should be possible by utilizing it. It gives the total satisfaction of customers necessities (Gobjuka, 2005). 4G remote headways have various key stands out in connection from 3G remote system and furthermore with prior remote progressions. A key describing component is a way that 4G remote frameworks will work inside and out depends upon TCP or IP configuration just as set-up of shows (Ganesh Pahlavan, 2002). This arrangement decision is wanted to drive costs down like IP has transf ormed into the general choice for the information organizing across over heterogeneous progressions. It will moreover bring about opening up and what was at that point a constrained cell showcase restricted to for the most part couple of merchants (Glisic Veiga, 2009). Regardless, one result in moving to the open plan of correspondence shows is the normal addition in security concerns differentiated and 2G remote systems and 3G remote systems. Vital thought has been given to security plot in the midst of the progression of both WiMAX just as the LTE measures (Gobjuka, 2005). In any case, due to open nature just as IP-based establishment for the remote 4G organize, it makes the feeling that further gigantic thought ought to be given to understand and focus on the security issues. The task of making sure about 4G systems and structures is a trying one (Hurley, 2006). The engineers of 4G remote systems have an a lot of wellbeing advancements and past remote security experiences to draw (Fledderus, 2005). Prerequisites for 4G remote system Low Handoff: Handoff defers the administrations just as it in like manner makes setback to the information correspondence. In this way, Handoff ought to be supervised for the powerful correspondence (Abdeljebbar Kouch, 2014). Access: Access is the imperative thing inside the 4G remote system since it offers availability or systems to the customers just as it additionally offers end administrations to customers (Agarwal, 2014). System: Network should be of various administrations with the objective that it won't just give the central access, nonetheless, moreover offers a broad scope of various administrations or applications to the people who will require voice just as different administrations (Ganesh Pahlavan, 2002). Broadband: 4G wirel

How to Use Sentence Starters for Essays

Step by step instructions to Use Sentence Starters for Essays The most noticeably terrible bad dream of each exposition essayist is making a work where sentences are uneven, tedious, and hard to comprehend. I have composed various articles and papers which appeared to be phenomenal during the procedure, yet their last forms were all terrible. This is the reason completely perusing each work you compose and making fundamental alters is basic. During editing and altering, you can actualize some sentence assortment system (in the event that you haven’t done as such while you were composing) and make your work straightforward. Sentence assortment methodologies are significant for building up your composing style and voice which speak to your character. All through this post I’m going to give a helpful knowledge into sentence assortment methodologies that you can use to improve your works. Courtesy:cherica.tumblr.com Assessing sentence assortment When you’re composing paper, article or some other kind of work you normally don't give an excessive amount of consideration to sentence style generally on the grounds that it disturbs imaginative stream. The best activity is to actualize a procedure to audit assortment of sentences into altering process. This system ought to be centered around sentence beginnings, lengths, and types. Take a clear bit of paper and make three segments: Segment #1 †opening words in all sentences Segment #2 †number of words in each sentence Segment #3 †sorts of sentences you utilized (exclamatory, inquisitive, positive and so on.). TIP: Instead of tallying words yourself, select sentences individually and use Miscrosoft Word’s Word Count choice. These segments will assist you with distinguishing the issue for example sentences excessively long, dull substance, wrong kinds of sentences. At that point, actualize sentence assortment methodologies underneath to alter your work. Substitute short and long sentences to shift the cadence Composing a few sentences of a similar length can make your work (or that specific passage) appear to be dull and hard to follow. To bring back enthusiasm into your work substitute short and long sentences which improve cadence. Model: Jane turned into an individual from her friend’s book club to talk about incredible artistic works. She accepted they would understand War and Peace, Crime and Punishment and other extraordinary books. In any case, she was baffled when she understood that no one read the book and other ladies just meddled. She returned home without getting the opportunity to talk about things she read and miserable for having exclusive requirements. Modification: Jane turned into an individual from her friend’s book club to talk about incredible abstract works, for example, War and Peace, Crime and Punishment and other extraordinary books. She understood that no one talked about books there. Jane found that other ladies didn’t read book and they just tattled which is the reason she needed to return home without getting the opportunity to examine what she read. Elevated standards normally baffle. Sentence openings assortment At the point when different sentences start with a similar word for example This, It, The, I and so on some specific work can end up being very exhausting to a normal peruser. You can keep this from occurring by differing sentence openings. Model: George stumbled over the progression. Amendment: First thing toward the beginning of the day, George stumbled over the progression. Cumbersomely, George stumbled over the progression. While in transit to work, George stumbled over the progression. At the point when he was going to his office, George stumbled over the progression. Sentence types Sentences in English language can be arranged in four unique manners. These classes depend on number of needy and free conditions inside a particular sentence. Figuring out how to separate various kinds of sentences encourages you add variety and intricacy to your work. Basic sentence (one free statement/no reliant provisions) †I love understanding fiction. Compound sentence (different autonomous provisions/no needy conditions) †The snake murmured and scared vulnerable lady, and she ran off shouting. Complex sentence (one free condition/in any event one ward provision) †John left when his sister showed up. Complex-compound sentence (various autonomous conditions/at any rate one ward provision) †We concluded that the film was excessively fierce, however our kids, who like to watch blood and gore flicks, imagined that we weren't right. Fix short, rough sentences While we expect that short sentences make it simpler for perusers to comprehend the content, that’s not generally the cases. Different short sentences make an uneven beat and upset the â€Å"reading flow†. Beneath, you can see a couple of tips to fix that: Use conjunctions †get total sentences together with be that as it may, and, or, nor, for, along these lines, yet. Model: David is an adrenaline junkie. He accepts each open door to go bungee-hopping. Correction: David is a daredevil so he accepts each open door to go bungee-bouncing. Use subjection †interface two short, related sentences excessively each other with connectors, for example, albeit, after, as though), (previously, in light of the fact that, assuming, despite the fact that, since, that, as opposed to, while, which, regardless of whether, while, until, except if. Model: Sheila likes motion pictures. She goes to film each end of the week. Update: Sheila likes motion pictures which is the reason she goes to film each end of the week. When you’re composing a work in which you talk about some specific theme, you may incidentally make redundant sentences. These sentences, the same number of different mix-ups, add to dreary impact of the work and cause peruser to lose intrigue. To handle this issue use procedures recorded underneath: Incorporate relative pronouns †install one sentence inside the other with who, whoever, which, that, whose. Model: Our test flopped due to Murphy’s law. As indicated by this law, if something can turn out badly, it will. Correction: Our analysis bombed due to Murphy’s law which expresses that if something can turn out badly, it will. Use participles †rather than types of the action word to be (am, are, is, was, were) incorporate participles (present and past). Model: Kenny was stunned to see thieves outside his home. He promptly called police. Amendment: Shocked to see thieves outside his home, Kenny quickly called police. Use relational words †transform a sentence into a prepositional expression utilizing about, over, above, after, along, against, behind, underneath, beneath, by, down, in spite of, aside from, for, from, inside, in, off, of, over, past, to, under, up, with. Model: Lily utilized her mother’s PC to mess around. This was against her mom’s rules. Amendment: Against mom’s rules, Lily utilized PC to mess around. Tackling comparable sentence examples and rhythms Sentences that have comparable rhythms and examples can cause an extraordinary work to appear to be dull. Fortunately, you can undoubtedly fix this issue. For Example: Utilize subordinate markers †rather than beginning each sentence with a subject, use provisions and expressions, for example, albeit, after, regardless of whether, while, when, at whatever point, whatever, until, except if, since, however, so as to, assuming, despite the fact that, regardless of whether, in light of the fact that, previously. Model: The whole room became quiet when the breaking news uncovered that overwhelming torrent slaughtered thousands. Amendment: When the breaking news uncovered that overwhelming tidal wave executed thousands, the whole room got quiet. Incorporate transitional action words and expressions †improve the beat with transitional action words or expressions at start of certain sentences for example likewise, all things considered, additionally, albeit, in the interim, a short time later, thus, be that as it may, in spite of, in any case, for example, despite what might be expected, in any case, in any case and so forth. Model: Pharmaceutical organizations are centered around delivering exceptionally subordinate tranquilizers that current transitory answer for a sleeping disorder. The American populace faces developing issues with enslavement. Modification: Pharmaceutical organizations are centered around delivering exceptionally subordinate tranquilizers that current impermanent answer for a sleeping disorder. Then, the American populace faces developing issues with fixation. When you’re finished with composing your article, book or novel and so on read it completely and begin altering your work. Execute sentence assortment procedures from this article to improve the quality.

The Capture of Inca Atahualpa

The Capture of Inca Atahualpa On November 16, 1532, Atahualpa, ruler of the Inca Empire, was assaulted and caught by Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro. When he was caught, the Spanish constrained him to pay an awesome payoff adding up to huge amounts of gold and silver. In spite of the fact that Atahualpa delivered the payoff, the Spanish executed him at any rate. Atahualpa and the Inca Empire in 1532: Atahualpa was the prevailing Inca (a word comparative in importance to King or Emperor) of the Inca Empire, which extended from present-day Colombia into parts of Chile. Atahualpas father, Huayna Capac, had kicked the bucket at some point around 1527: his beneficiary obvious passed on around a similar time, tossing the Empire into confusion. Two of Huayna Capacs numerous children started to battle about the Empire: Atahualpa had the help of Quito and the northern piece of the Empire and Huscar had the help of Cuzco and the southern piece of the Empire. All the more critically, Atahualpa had the devotion of three extraordinary commanders: Chulcuchima, Rumiã ±ahui and Quisquis. In mid 1532 Huscar was vanquished and caught and Atahualpa was ruler of the Andes. Pizarro and the Spanish: Francisco Pizarro was a prepared fighter and conquistador who had assumed a huge job in the success and investigation of Panama. He was at that point an affluent man in the New World, yet he accepted that there was a rich local realm some place in South America simply standing by to be pillaged. He sorted out three campaigns along the Pacific shore of South America somewhere in the range of 1525 and 1530. On his subsequent undertaking, he met with delegates of the Inca Empire. On the third excursion, he followed stories of extraordinary riches inland, in the long run advancing toward the town of Cajamarca in November of 1532. He had around 160 men with him, just as ponies, arms and four little guns. The Meeting in Cajamarca: Atahualpa happened to be in Cajamarca, where he was hanging tight for the hostage Huscar to be brought to him. He heard bits of gossip about this peculiar gathering of 160 outsiders advancing inland (plundering and looting as they went) however he unquestionably had a sense of safety, as he was encircled by a few thousand veteran warriors. At the point when the Spanish showed up in Cajamarca on November 15, 1532, Atahualpa consented to meet with them the following day. Then, the Spanish had seen with their own eyes the wealth of the Inca Empire and with a urgency conceived of voracity, they chose to attempt to catch the Emperor. A similar methodology had worked for Hernn Cortã ©s a few years before in Mexico. The Battle of Cajamarca: Pizarro had involved a town square in Cajamarca. He set his guns on a housetop and concealed his horsemen and troopers in structures around the square. Atahualpa made them look out for the sixteenth, taking as much time as necessary to show up for the imperial crowd. He in the long run appeared in the late evening, carried on a litter and encompassed by numerous significant Inca aristocrats. When Atahualpa appeared, Pizarro sent Father Vicente de Valverde out to meet with him. Valverde addressed the Inca through a translator and demonstrated him a breviary. In the wake of leafing through it, Atahualpa scornfully tossed the book on the ground. Valverde, as far as anyone knows irate at this blasphemy, approached the Spanish to assault. Right away the square was pressed with horsemen and footmen, butchering locals and battling their way to the illustrious litter. The Massacre at Cajamarca: The Inca officers and aristocrats were shocked totally. The Spanish had a few military focal points which were obscure in the Andes. The locals had never observed ponies and were ill-equipped to oppose mounted adversaries. The Spanish protective layer made them about immune to local weapons and steel blades hacked effectively through local shield. The gun and black powder guns, discharged from the housetops, down-poured thunder and passing down into the square. The Spanish battled for two hours, slaughtering a large number of locals, including numerous significant individuals from the Inca honorability. Horsemen rode down escaping locals in the fields around Cajamarca. No Spaniard was murdered in the assault and Emperor Atahualpa was caught. Atahualpas Ransom: When the hostage Atahualpa was made to comprehend his circumstance, he consented to a payoff in return for his opportunity. He offered to occupy a huge room once with gold and twice done with silver and the Spanish immediately concurred. Before long incredible fortunes were being brought from everywhere throughout the Empire, and ravenous Spaniards broke them into pieces with the goal that the room would fill all the more gradually. On July 26, 1533, in any case, the Spanish got terrified at gossipy tidbits that Inca General Rumiã ±ahui was in the region and they executed Atahualpa, probably for conspiracy in working up insubordination to the Spaniards. Atahualpa’s deliver was an extraordinary fortune: it indicated somewhere in the range of 13,000 pounds of gold and twice that a lot silver. Tragically, a great part of the fortune was as invaluable centerpieces which were dissolved down. Result of the Capture of Atahualpa: The Spanish got a chance of a lifetime when they caught Atahualpa. As a matter of first importance, he was in Cajamarca, which is moderately near the coast: had he been in Cuzco or Quito the Spanish would have made some harder memories arriving and the Inca may have struck first at these disrespectful trespassers. The locals of the Inca Empire accepted that their illustrious family was semi-perfect and they would not lift a hand against the Spanish while Atahualpa was their detainee. The a while that they held Atahualpa permitted the Spanish to send for fortifications and come to comprehend the mind boggling governmental issues of the realm. Once Atahualpa was executed, the Spanish quickly delegated a manikin Emperor in his place, permitting them to keep up their hang on power. They additionally walked first on Cuzco and afterward on Quito, in the end making sure about the domain. When one of their manikin rulers, Manco Inca (Atahualpas sibling) understood that the Spanish had come as champions and began an insubordination it was past the point of no return. There were a few repercussions on the Spanish side. After the triumph of Peru was finished, some Spanish reformers - most quite Bartolomã © de las Casas - started posing upsetting inquiries about the assault. All things considered, it was an unwarranted assault on a real ruler and brought about the slaughter of thousands of blameless people. The Spanish in the long run legitimized the assault in light of the fact that Atahualpa was more youthful than his sibling Huscar, which made him a usurper. It ought to be noted, in any case, that the Inca didn't really accept that the oldest sibling ought to succeed his dad in such issues. With respect to the locals, the catch of Atahualpa was the initial phase in the close complete pulverization of their homes and culture. With Atahualpa killed (and Huscar killed on his siblings orders) there was nobody to mobilize protection from the undesirable trespassers. Once Atahualpa was gone, the Spanish had the option to play off conventional contentions and sharpness to shield the locals from joining against them.

Jesus and Mohammad Paper Hum 130 Essay Example

Jesus and Mohammad Paper Hum 130 Essay Jesus and Mohammad Paper Two of the most overall figures who impact present day religions are Jesus and the prophet Mohammed. Albeit both strict figures have various depreciators, they are additionally profoundly respected by many. Despite one’s position with respect to religion, the reality remains that both Jesus and the prophet Mohammed are focal figures of Christianity and Islam individually. Their lessons and precepts figure out how to impact both the mainstream and consecrated parts of society previously and keep on doing so today. There are individuals will in general observe the contrasts between these two monotheistic religions; be that as it may, closer investigation uncovers astounding similitudes too truly the lives of these two persuasive figures of Christianity and Islam; analyze the effect their demises had on their separate religions; and portray the manner by which every individual was or is venerated. Furthermore, the reason for existing is to clarify how their messages complete on the planet today. Jesus Christ of Nazareth The prescience of the coming Messiah, who was sent by God and relinquished for all the transgressions of the world just as the Immaculate Conception of the virgin Mary are two of the most famous accounts of the Bible. The narrative of Jesus’ venture on earth started with the presence of the heavenly attendant Gabriel to Mary as she was locked in to a woodworker named Joseph. The blessed messenger educated Mary that God picked her to be the mother of the Son of God (History of Jesus Christ, n. d. ). Brought about by the Holy Spirit, Jesus was destined to Mary and His natural dad Joseph in Bethlehem in around 6 B. We will compose a custom article test on Jesus and Mohammad Paper Hum 130 explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Jesus and Mohammad Paper Hum 130 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Jesus and Mohammad Paper Hum 130 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer C. (History of Jesus Christ, n. d. ). Supposedly, close to the finish of her pregnancy, Mary and Joseph needed to go to Bethlehem to enlist for registration. Upon their appearance, they understood that there was no accessible space for them to go through the night. In this way, the couple was offered asylum in a steady, where by chance, that equivalent night, Mary brought forth an infant kid. The couple named the kid Jesus, which implies God Saves (History of Jesus Christ, n. d. ). Phenomenal signs gave the idea that night as though in acknowledgment of His Divine nearness on the planet. These signs help to affirm for the individuals who put stock in the prediction that the infant Jesus was in fact the Lamb of God. One such signs was the presence of a large group of blessed messengers to shepherds in a close by field. The holy messengers educated them regarding the introduction of the Messiah in the city of David. These shepherds assisted with getting the message out of Jesus’ birth, and shrewd men from the east who knew the centrality of a specific star, followed the star and carried endowments and offered appreciation to Mary and the child (History of Jesus Christ, n. d. ). Indeed, even as a youngster growing up around his father’s craftsman shop, individuals could see that Jesus was no common kid. Individuals would comment upon the way that Jesus was insightful past His years, in view of His lessons about the expression of God. Out traveling with his folks to Jerusalem at 12 years old, Mary and Joseph discovered Jesus at the Temple in conversations with Rabbis about the Torah. The rabbis thought that it was baffling that a youngster so youthful could be so proficient about Jewish laws. At His folks inquiry about His essence at the sanctuary, Jesus distinctly inquired as to whether they didn't have the foggiest idea about that He was assume to be in His Father’s house (History of Jesus Christ, n. d. ). This announcement by Jesus clarifies His nearby association with God that would uncover later in His life. No composed record is accessible with respect to the youthful adulthood of Jesus; nor is there any record to propose that He at any point had a spouse or kids. In any case, He rose again at 30 and it was at this age He asked His cousin John the Baptist, who was performing sanctification in the Jordon River to sanctify through water Him. John the Baptist was hesitant from the outset since he accepted he was disgraceful to sanctify through water the Son of God. In any case, Jesus was resolved so John satisfied the remainder of his strategic Jesus’ precursor and absolved Him (History of Jesus Christ, n. d. ). Some strict researchers accepted this submersion was representative as it hardened Jesus’ responsibility to the crucial Heavenly Father gave Him; and this was in anticipation of the overwhelming errand ahead (Ross, n. d. ). Jesus proceeded to perform supernatural occurrences as He went all through the land spreading God’s message of affection and pardoning. He mended the debilitated, performed expulsions, revived the dead, changed water into wine, and emblematically took care of thousands of individuals who came to hear one out of His lessons with a couple of portions and fishes (History of Jesus Christ, n. . ). Alongside His lessons of adoration and pardoning, numerous individuals were attracted to this quiet, baffling, and appealling man, who professed to be Son of the living God. He had supporters of various financial foundations, and even had a female pupil name Mary Magdalene who later got one of the observers to His restoration. In spite of the fact that Jesusâ₠¬â„¢ message pulled in numerous devotees, the Roman Empire and the strict foundation of that period considered Him to be a danger. They tried to annihilate him and along these lines, prevailing with regards to murdering Him. Apparently the prescience came to satisfaction when three days after His demise; Jesus became alive once again and climbed into paradise. The Prophet Mohammed Just like Jesus, the prophet Mohammed originated from humble beginnings. He was conceived around 570 A. D. what's more, raised by family members. While visiting Syria as a young person, Mohammed was brought up by a Christian priest as bearing the pigmentation of a prophet (Handbook of Today’s Religions, n. d. ). He grew up as legit and persevering, had an ordinary existence, and occupied with business that necessary broad going via parades. Supposedly, it was during this time when he met and wedded a well off lady named Khadijah. She got perhaps the staunchest supporter and gave him consolation now and again when he lost trust in himself and his strategic. Her comprehension gave him open doors for consideration and isolation. His crucial somewhat further down the road at 40, as he was on a retreat during Ramadan. The blessed messenger Gabriel showed up and educated him that God picked him to be the last prophet and his strategic to lecture accommodation to Allah’s will; this denoted the initiation of the nonstop disclosure of the Qur’an (Handbook of Today’s Religion, n. . ). The Qur’an was not composed following the disclosure on the grounds that despite the fact that Mohammed was an expressive speaker, he was likewise ignorant (Handbook of Today’s Religions, n. d. ). For a period Mohammed and his devotees would present and retain the messages handed-off by the heavenly attendant. They later gathered the Qur’an out of worries that the lessons may become lost in view of the killings of his adherents during the abuse just as their perishing from mature age. His crucial no simple endeavor as he experienced restrictions to his message. In reprisal against abuse, Mohammed sorted out a military to ensure his supporters and to finish his crucial. He showed his devotees poise and order; battled against racial and social class qualification, and even supported petition on the war zone. Mecca neglected to recognize him and his strategic he and his supporters were banished to Medina. He assembled the main mosque as an outcast in Medina, so Muslims could have a spot where to revere. For his achievement Allah gave Mohammed authorization to take up arms with an end goal to rejoin the individuals in the area of Mecca and Medina. It is accepted that this demonstration was the establishment of the Islamic belief system of Jihad (Handbook of Today’s Religions, n. d. ). Mohammed’s convention of uniformity for all mankind and his decree of all inclusive fraternity are additionally two of his most significant achievements. Mohammed turned into the focal figure in Islam and he is viewed as an individual who typifies what is acceptable and equitable. He was a speaker, a representative, a warrior, and a prophet. His lessons make a climate that permits individuals, paying little mind to financial foundations or status to stay unbiased as they bow drawback by-side and broadcast, â€Å"God alone is incredible. Jesus’ passing turned into a focal and essential point for Christian followers. His demise emblematically washed down the transgressions of the world, and basically made penances of consumed contributions for the amends of sins superfluous. His demise additionally implied salvation and recove ry. Followers accept that God’s yielding of His Son speaks to His adoration for His kin, which just assistance to fortify the Christian conviction. Along these lines, divisions inside Christianity brought about the development of numerous categories. Then again, Mohammed’s demise was viewed as lost a critical pioneer. Disunity emitted among his devotees soon after his demise. Some return to worshipful admiration, giving the Caliphs initiative of the Islamic religion. This split drove Sunnis to perceive the progression of the Caliphs to lead the religion, while Shias opposed, accepting that the Islamic religion ought to be driven by direct relatives of Mohammed (Amin, n. d. ). In a specific way, Jesus was treated as a normal individual and regarded by his supporters on earth. In any case, He increased greater worthiness after His passing and restoration, and was since the time supernaturally loved as a major aspect of the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) right up 'til the present time. Then again, in spite of the fact that Mohammed was exceptionally regarded, he was never supernaturally adore

Salave Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Salave Project - Assignment Example The organization has additionally made sure about an examination license of up to 2765ha for an aggregate of 3198ha of profoundly potential gold stores (Asturgold, n.p). The zone has just been created, and get to streets, electrical cables, water and phone lines are accessible in the region. The region is only 10 kilometers from Tapia inside the region of Galicia. This locale has a long coal mining history that helps certainty on future mine improvements the Salave Project. This venture is feasible since it has a solid geographical proof to help it. Gold stores are in the fundamental Salave granodiorite and encompassing districts. The store contains gold mineralization along various north to northwest unpredictable focal points. Salave gold store is one of the greatest and chief evaluation lacking gold stores in Western Europe. It is a speculation that is beneficial and worthwhile. This report will show the anticipated fate of the Salave venture interest so that the financial special ist will see the benefit of putting resources into such encouraging undertaking. Since gold is a valuable stone, putting into this task is additionally amazingly valuable to both the speculator and the organization taking up the Salave venture. All the information and pertinent investigation affirm the suitability of this gold mine undertaking. Presentation The Salave venture has a premise on the primer financial investigation of the task. This monetary examination shows the financials of the undertaking for the following eighteen (18) years. These projections are dependent upon modifications in the economy and, consequently, the objective of this announcement is to consider the progressions and join them for financial specialists to have all out trust in the task. The investigation of the task shows that, throughout the following 18 years, the venture will produce a NPV of $576 million (Asturgold, n.p). Past metallurgical investigations and tests show that recuperations are in the request for 90%. The locale has 1.7 million oz Au and signs show that 338 thousand oz Au deduced. This is uplifting news to any speculator who needs to have the most incentive for their ventures. The powerful economy exhibited in 2011 set the gold cost at an appealing $1,100/oz. The neighborhood network is in all out help of the undertaking and shows trust in the mining procedure. As of now the drive to put Salave to creation as quickly as time permits is huge. This task is the best interest in Western Europe. Centrality of the Salave Project The Salave venture is hugely critical in the economy of Spain and to financial specialists and investors of the organization that runs the Salave venture. The task has huge prospects and positive compensations at long last. Numerous financial specialists consistently try to build their offer worth. This is the business that Salave venture centers around among other key objectives like to be the biggest gold mine in the entire of Western Europe. This venture is impervious to the monetary elements that will make financial specialists bashful to put resources into the gold business. The gold business is never low because of the consistent and consistent ascent of the costs of gold throughout the years particularly when swelling strikes. This examination will show how the estimation of the investors will be on the expansion, and the achievement of the task is the principle motivation behind the call for financial specialist contribution from everywhere throughout the globe. Income Analysis In the conjecture of the project’s incomes for the following two decades, the accompanying suspicions hold: A. All variables remain

How to Find Essay Topics on Self Harm

How to Find Essay Topics on Self HarmOne of the most useful ways to find online writers is to search for self-harm essay topics. This is a great way to find a writer who has already successfully written several essays. The people on the internet are experts in their fields, and they have written hundreds of articles. They may not be well known to you, but if you look around you can find one to help with your project.The truth is that writing is never easy. Whether you are writing an essay or just a diary entry, you have to work hard at it. So it is always a good idea to try to find a writer who can assist you. By searching for writers in this manner, you will be able to find someone who is professional in their field.Self-harm essay topics are very popular. It is for this reason that you should be able to find these types of essays on the internet. An expert writer can help you a lot when it comes to tackling difficult subjects such as this.Writing about one's own personal experience s is never easy, but this is a very difficult thing to do. Because of this, most people opt to write about it in a diary or an essay. The problem with this type of writing is that it may be extremely hard to read the finished product.In order to ensure that you will be able to get this article done, you will need to make sure that you include all of the negative aspects. You will also need to be able to incorporate the positives in your essay, as well. This is necessary so that the essay is going to be attractive and will appeal to the reader.Another thing that you will want to do is to start submitting your work to different sites, in order to see if you will be able to get any submissions out of these self harm essay topics. If you submit a dozen of them, you will most likely get a few pieces submitted. Keep this in mind, because this will ensure that you will be able to see results from your efforts. This will also ensure that you will not have a feeling of being overwhelmed.When it comes to finding writers who will write for you on self harm essay topics, the best way to go about this is to use Google. This is the easiest way to ensure that you are able to find someone who is willing to do it. You should make sure that you are able to find a website that will assist you in finding qualified people to help you.You will not be able to achieve success with self harm essay topics if you do not have any professional help. That is why you should use online writers. They are professionals in their field and they can help you get your essay written. You will find yourself thankful to have them help you out, because they are experts at what they do.

Argos Segmentation Targeting And Positioning Essay

Argos Segmentation Targeting And Positioning Essay What is Argos? What do we know about this company? For one, it is one of the leading British companies which specialises in retailing. Thanks to its proper marketing strategies, the company’s revenues have grown significantly over the years, and to gain the better understanding of what is so special about Argos strategic marketing, we will take a closer look at its Segmentation, targeting and positioning. But first let’s look into whole segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP) as the process of creating them and applying is common to many different companies including ibank Barclays, Argos, and other ones. What is segmentation, targeting and positioning? Marketing specialists shorten these three notions into one abbreviation which is STP. It is a concept which explains in what segment of the market a company wants to focus on, what clients it wants to target and what association it wants its clients to have with their company or one of their products. Every company should return to these notions from time to time to analyse how well they go and whether they are moving in accordance with the primary goal. Argos segmentation The process of choosing a correct segment of the market is a hard one. That is why the specialists working at Argos took their time to identify which sub-group of the market they want to talk to with their services. Thus, after a lengthy discussion, they came to a conclusion that there is no need to stick only to one category of people (rich, poor, male or female). They said that they strive to reach out to all groups of the population together and deliver the highest level of service no matter who uses it. Targeting of Argos This step is what makes most marketing specialists feel worried, as they must understand what each individual customer wants to get even before he realises it himself. Thus, they study the habits and buying traditions so that once they need a certain product, Argos will be able to offer it to them. So, they keep collecting data and hiring specialists to analyse different categories of buyers and their preferences. It is an ongoing process. Positioning It is hard to state just one particular way Argos positions its product. Given how different its customers are, and how different their preferences are, this retailing company strives to deliver customised offers to each individual buyer. They get to find their customers by making special attractive offers which are developed based on their previous purchases. Besides, when talking about this stage of strategic marketing planning, one should also know that Argos keeps advancing its stores and services to make the product even more attractive for new customers. This is what STP for Argos looks like. This company actually sets the example for many other ventures in the niche. And there are many aspects one should take into account when thinking about STP for this retailing business.

Woodshedding and the Pseudo-Thoreau Thing Moving to Montana

Woodshedding and the Pseudo-Thoreau Thing Moving to Montana Sometimes a man  has to go away to come back. Accordingly, The Minimalists are moving to Montana. No, that is not a typo. As of October 1, 2012, we are residents of the Treasure State, two Ohio transplants residing in a remote cabin about an hour outside Missoula, two hours from the Idaho panhandle, sort of doing an updated version of the whole Thoreau thing (with Wi-Fi). Its every authors clichéd dreamâ€"to find a mountainside cabin with picturesque views, to toss another log on the crackling winter fire as snow blankets the ice-covered river beyond the windowpanes, to remove the distractions of the emotionally exhaustive rat race and start working on his or her most important workâ€"right? Alright, maybe thats not everyones aspiration, but after last weeks publication of our new book, Essential  (N.B. thank you to everyone who helped this book debut at #1 on Amazon),  and after The Minimalists beautiful site redesign by our friends at SPYR Media  (Jeff and Dave did a bang-up job), the time seemed right for us to do just that: to relocate to a secluded spot in Big Sky Country to  work vigorously, learn  ferociously, and grow immensely. Consequently, for at least the next three monthsâ€"perhaps longerâ€"were going to hole up in our new home in the wilderness and focus. Photos of Our Minimalist Montana Cabin Are you curious about our new cabin-on-the-mountainside set-up? Want to see what it looks like? Stay tuned. Find us on Instagram and Pinterest  and Twitter to check out new photos as we post them; or subscribe to our free essays via email, and well send you a photo tour of our new dwelling in the coming weeks. Update: Tour The Minimalists Montana Cabin: A Photo Essay Why Montana? You might be asking yourself: These guys could live anywhere in the world; whyd they choose Montana as their new home?   Good question.  To tell the truth, we wouldntve even considered Montana until we finished our 33-city meetup tour, during which tour we witnessed an entire spectrum of beautiful places throughout the United States and Canada; we visited 40 states and innumerable big cities and small towns, and we discovered much of North Americas greatest offerings, from the bright lights and bustling streets of Chicago and NYC to the sunset beaches of San Diego and St. Petersburg, FL. And when the tour was over, we shuttled our tour bus (Ryans 2004 Corolla) from Vancouver to Ohio, and we traveled through the most beautiful place wed ever caught sight of: Western Montana, driving past its flannel plains and evergreen mountains and skylines from a cowboy cliché, and past its cobalt rivers overhung with century-old pines with flecklets of sunlight through them on the water bending downriver, to the place beyond its sprawling canyons, where fields divided by train cars simmer in the summer heat and time stands still. We knew it then: she was the one. Montana, rightfully christened The Last Best Place, was the place we wanted to go to finish the work wed started and begin working on our next big thing(s). The time had come for us to hunker down and do some serious work, what musicians often refer to as woodshedding. Woodshedding: Doing the Work and Enjoying It To get what you want, you must be willing to take action; you must be willing to do the work. These days, the two of us have little desire for new material possession (though that baleful yearning still lingers from time to time), but we do want to be successful. And success for us has little to do with money or possessions or status. Rather, success is a simple equation: Happiness + Growth + Contribution = Success. Thats the only kind of success we know. Hence, we want to partake in work that makes us happy, work that encourages us to grow, work that helps us contribute beyond ourselves. Ultimately, we want to create more and consume less. Doing so requires real work. When we left the corporate world last year, “work” was a dirty word; it held a negative connotation. But now that were passionate about the work, we want to do it because we know it helps us grow and it adds value to peoples lives. And that means we have a lot of work to do in the coming months… Finishing the Year the Right Way Primarily, were headed westward to work on our next big thing: a new narrative nonfiction project tentatively titled Everything That Remains. Because its a work in progress, well omit most of the details other than to say that this project will focus on our individuals storiesâ€"highlighting our deep personal struggles, past and presentâ€"in ways we havent yet been able to discuss. Stay tuned. Additionally Before the sun sets on 2012, were going to publish two more (already written) books: Joshuas solo essay collection, A Day in the Life of a Minimalist (November), and his novel, As a Decade Fades (Christmas Day). Well also publish audiobook versions of these books, as well as audiobooks for several of our existing books. Ryan will continue to write  his current book-in-progress, Unstuck, a short book  designed to show people how to identify the obstacles in their lives and develop a specific plan to remove those obstaclesâ€"going from stuck to unstuck. Joshua (ahem, professor Millburn) will teach the fall semester of his online writing class (only two open seats remain as of this writing), as well as a fiction/narrative nonfiction class in January. And Ryan will continue to take on five new private mentoring clients each month (hes nearly booked through October). Whats more, were considering planning another, albeit smaller, meetup tour to coincide with a few upcoming national media appearances and speaking engagements we have planned in early 2013. Details forthcoming. Lastly, we recently inked publishing contracts between Asymmetrical Press and three talented authors: Shawn Mihalik, Chase Night, and Robyn Devine. These are the first three people to sign with Asymmetrical. All three authors will publish books  through Asymmetrical in 2013. And of course, well continue to publish free, quality content regularly on our website. The essays at The Minimalists remain our top priority. Although our plates appear full, its not because we piled on a bunch of work at once. That would be silly. In fact, we did the opposite. The above productivity-stack is the culmination of several years of hard and steadyâ€"yet enjoyableâ€"work. We took on new projects one at a time, only when we felt comfortable with where we stood, only when we knew we could handle them, only when we were certain we could produce high-quality content. Now that its all coming to a head, we need to focus. Heres how we plan to stay focused in our little cabin in MT: How Well Stay Focused Habits. Routines breed habits. While bad routines breed bad habits, the opposite is also true. By shedding many of the distractions in our lives, well become even more focused on whats important, developing the muscle of good habitsâ€"diet, exercise, relationships, meditation, contemplation, consistently doing the work, c.â€"allowing us to be more productive in an attenuated timeframe. Variety. Weve both lived in the Midwest for most of our lives (Joshua hasnt lived anywhere but Ohio), and during our travels over the last year, weve learned that variety sparks creativity, inspiration, excitement, and lasting contentment. Variety also means dealing with uncertainty. There is a direct relationship between someones ability to handle uncertainty and his or her happiness. Impermanence. On a long enough timeline, everything is ephemeral. Whether its a 30-year mortgage or a month-to-month lease, nothing lasts forever. We want to embrace this impermanence and enjoy the moment, enjoy our habits, enjoy the work, and enjoy our lives. We want to enjoy the good times and then let it go; we want to learn from our mistakes and failures and then let those go, too. Active vs. passive engagement. Were not robots (well, Joshua might be), so of course well still have downtime. But we want to use that time mindfully, which means involving ourselves in active activities vs. passive ones. Instead of veg-out in front of the television, we will opt to wake early and read or meditate or hike or hit the slopes at the nearby ski resort (whose slopes happen to be viewable from our new homes window). Were also going to try our hand at writing music (Ryan is a closet crooner; Joshua, a wannabe songwriter), a fun endeavor thatll help us grow. Whats Next? Are you guys moving back to Ohio after your stint in Montana? The honest answer is that we dont know where well end up after this; we dont have any specific plans. We love Dayton; there are many people we love there; its a great cityâ€"blue collar and unpretentious and small enough to not get lost in the rapacious lights of a big cityâ€"and thus we might soon move back to the birthplace of aviation. Or we might stay in Montana. Or we might go somewhere completely different. But were here now; well embrace this impermanence and see what happens next. One things for sure, though: whatever is “next” for The Minimalists, it must allow us to grow as individuals; it must allow us to contribute to others in meaningful ways. Ergo, the possibilities are endless. Also read the Boston Globes article about The Minimalists: Like Henry David Thoreau, but with WiFi. Update: In February 2013 we moved to Missoula, Montana. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Procurement Goods Services - Business Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7409 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Procurement is the acquisition of goods, works and services. The process covers a whole cycle from the identification of needs through the supply of the product and to the end of the service contact and even the end of the useful life of the asset procured. This chapter explains the background of this research work, the problem discussion and the overview of the structure adopted in this dissertation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Procurement Goods Services Business Dissertations" essay for you Create order Background The speed of technological advancement is so much now that no part of the global world can afford to be left behind especially now that the world has become a global village. Businesses all over the world are hence looking for strategies that will position them and make them have a competitive advantage whatever it takes. Such competitive advantage could be gotten from doing business at a low cost achieving lot of savings or having an effective work system. That is what a good procurement best practice strategy can deliver to any organisation. Many Organizations are now seen trying to focus on making their procurement strategies as efficient and cost effective as possible to ensure they have a competitive edge in their industries. According to source one management services, LLC, (2008) the advent of Best Practice Procurement Processes has suddenly seen a lot of companies realizing substantial cost reductions through: Having a proper understanding of the cost drivers used in determining total cost of ownership. Elimination of all non-value adding process thereby Increasing efficiency across the entire supply chain. Aggregation of demand, supplier rationalization, strategic sourcing, and enhanced supplier relationships resulting in improved cycle time. Electronically enabling the supply chain through the use of paperless e-Procurement tools and e-commerce portals. Reduction of carrying costs, warehousing, movement, obsolescence and shrinkage through the alternative inventory ownership agreements retained consignment and vendor managed inventory. Problem discussion Different strategies are often used in achieving the best procurement processes in various industries. The need for developing countries especially Nigeria industries not to be left behind in utilizing these opportunity has necessitated this research work. For the purpose of this study, I will consider the extent to which procurement practices in Nigeria has adopted the three key strategies discussed in the work namely the lean supply, the e-procurement and the green supply strategies as it relates to environmental friendly policies adopted by various organisations in Nigeria. Kirk Zylstra (2007 p 10), argued that the main objective of all supply chain executives today is he to ensure that future business forecasts, ever changing customer demand, and other variations across the supply chain do not upset their carefully laid cost-reduction plans. Its however been discovered that the main obstacle to this vision is the ability to model budgets, accurately tie real costs to operations, and develop processes that execute these plans daily. This is where the application of lean principles to supply chain operations can help. According to Len Cooper, Senior Vice president of supply chain Halliburton, confirms that Halliburton is focusing mostly on Lean strategies with suppliers, and less so on Six Sigma because, as Cooper explains, Lean focuses on speed and throughput, which is easier for suppliers to apply and is in fact a goal for our suppliers. He went further to states that we would rather have our best suppliers grow with us, especially in these times, rather than go out and find more suppliers in order to gain access to additional capacity. We wanted to share our Creativity Over Capital ideas and experiences and benefits with them. In one of the report done by Andrea Ovans of Harvard Business report on E- procurement at Schlumberger Oilfield Services, (the worlds largest oil service company on is using the Web to revolutionize the way it buys equipment and supplies) on What they accomplished by moving to e-procurement?. The brain behind the strategy, Paris-based Alain-Michel Diamant Berger explains that We replaced a number of different systems some that were paper based, some that were automated with a single desktop system. Thats allowed us to streamline and speed up our entire purchasing operation. He further confirmed that buying supplies and equipment has often been very slow and complicated in the past, with lots and lots of papers and approval processes involved before executing a buy. However employees now act as their own purchasing agents, placing orders directly through their PCs and receiving the goods they need much more quickly. The advantage here is that the e procurement single system adopted by Schlumberger which help to consolidate purchases and gain greater volume discounts from our vendors. According to Derek Parker The ultimate aim is to achieve specific, measurable results that improve competitiveness across the supply chain by applying sustainable development practices. Suppliers are often made to understand that sustainable practices improve the long term financial bottom line and in many cases the greening of supply chain has a positive interaction with a move towards lean manufacturing, and sustainable processes which are ways of eliminating waste. From the aforementioned strategies adopted by Schlumberger, Halliburton and other organisations described as seen above, it is obvious that there is need to adopt a more aggressive strategy as that adopted by these organisations in order to remain competitive and relevant to their respective industry. The purpose of this research therefore is to evaluate the extent to which these all important strategies have been adopted by organisation in Nigeria, noting the implication and the key hindrance inhibiting these strategies. It is also critical to note that while Sustainable Procurement activities are common in many developed countries, the awareness and implementation is still relatively low in most developing countries. While I recognise the important role that procurement policies can play to support of sustainable development, this research is aims to contribute to the adoption of sustainable procurement strategy in developing countries especially Nigeria. Overview of the dissertation structure The whole dissertation is divided into six major chapters. This chapter which serves as the introduction gives the background and overview of the importance of the topic, the purpose of the research and finally the research questions then introduced. The second chapter provides the reader the opportunity to have an insight into the literature review on some the topics related to the research. This leads us to the third chapter giving the details of the methodology adopted in the carrying out the research. It explains the purpose, the approach and the strategy adopted for the research. It also shows the synopsis of how I arrived at the method I finally adopted for the research. Chapter four gives the highlight of the background of the companies used for this case study and all data gathered in the course of the research. These data were analysed in chapter five while a final conclusion and implications was drawn in chapter six based on the findings of the data analysis. 2.0 Literature Review With the global economic melt down across the nations, organisations are expected to seek a way out of this challenge, among others, looking for a way to reduce turn around time and cost through their procurement strategies. Competition therefore in todays global market is not only between different companies but also between supply chains management systems. The evolvement in technological advancement and organizational improvements are important for effective supply chain management; however, the main cause of SCM improvements according to juril et al, (2006) is not the implementation of an information system itself, but rather a change and an integration of business processes. Over the years some changes have taken place in the development of innovative procurement strategies especially in sectors like manufacturing, retail, oil and Gas, construction and even service oriented industry. Jim Scotti, (2007) believes Procurement is now evolving into a far more strategic discipline, driven principally by a greater awareness of the financial implications of executing the function well. There are different procurement strategies adopted by organisations in the market place but using the best procurement practices would guaranty the desired success for any organisation. Based on different literatures written by authors the subject of procurement, some of the commonly adopted procurement best practices include: Creating an efficient system that would save time and money. Creating a pre-qualified and broad supplier base which enables all suppliers to be uniformly and objectively evaluated. Creating a comprehensive bid specification with full details before an invitation for bids is sent to the suppliers in the supplier pool. Creating mutual acceptance of the process whereby every supplier in the pool knows that it can bid low on any supply. Ensuring full transparency of bids through sending bid results to all suppliers that participated in the bid. Monitoring every step of the workflow process to ensure clear communications, attention to every detail and a deliverable end product. Ensuring that work is performed per specifications and on time. Completing the project with accurate invoicing. With the advent of Best Practice Procurement processes, a lot of companies have realized substantial cost reductions through understanding the cost drivers that determine the total cost of the supply chain and completely eliminating all non-value adding process in their supply chain line For the purpose of this report three strategies for achieving Procurement best practices will be considered and these include the adoption of the lean supply, e-procurement and adoption of the green supply strategies. While a lot of research has been done on the lean supply and e-procurement and their benefits if properly implemented, not much seems to be mentioned on the green supply principles and need to implement these strategies to achieve procurement best practices while considering the environmental friendly green supply chain management scheme in various organisations and how companies can benefit from this inevitable procurement procedure. Lean Supply Strategy Lean as described by Nigel (2006) is the process of achieving the flow of products and services to meet customers demand in the right quantity, right time, right place at the lowest price with no waste. The key principle focuses on maximizing customer value by producing goods and services with higher quality, fewer defects eliminating various forms of waste or any non-value adding activities through all possible continuous improvement processes. Womark (1996) described the five principles of lean, which includes: identify the value demanded by customer Identify the steps involved in the whole value stream Generate a flow in the value stream Produce only what is pulled by customer Strive for perfection through continuous improvement The adoption of these key principles in procurement activities in order to ensure that the organisation maximises the value of every good or service purchased explains the reason for lean supply or procurement as it applies to this research. R. Stratton (2003) believes Lean supply enables flow and the elimination of wasteful processes within the supply chain. Its focuses on continuous improvement strategies, through the elimination all non-value creating activities, reducing waste and effectively the cost of procurement. According to Lubben, (1998), lean supply aims at improving efficiency, quality and delivery performance of suppliers. It also focuses on removing all non value adding activities so as to reduce the cost of supply of material. For any procurement strategy to succeed the purchasing manager must be able to connect the strategy with the financial implication or performance. W.D. Presutti Jr. (2003) Benefit of adopting lean procurement Organizations within a lean supply chain are able to leverage their own lean journey more easily, delivering better customer value by responding more efficiently, quickly, and predictably to customer needs. That, in turn, facilitates the operation of the lean supply chain, creating a virtuous cycle that ultimately translates to superior financial performance for these organizations. In the article Halliburton pushes Lean Six Sigma to its supply base (2009), the use of lean six sigma between 2004 and 2008, tripled their output from its manufacturing plants without any meaningful increase in the total capital footprint for those plants. The companys manufacturing cycle times were reduced, increasing their asset utilization out of all their equipment. According to Len Cooper, who is the Senior Vice president of supply chain management in Halliburton states that the lean process alleviated the need for more capital investment to support the type of output growth they experienced with the adoption of lean six sigma. Generally, the adoption of lean supply gives a lot of other benefits which includes achieving a minimal level of defects in supply, frequent deliveries.( Handfield, 1993) He further argued that because there are smaller number of suppliers, this could lead to developing a long term relationship between the buy and supplier which eventually leads reduced products price that would benefit the purchasing organisation. Strategies to adopt a lean supply system Inadequate management of the procurement process adds cost and adversely impacts customer service. In the current competitive environment such inefficiencies can no longer be tolerate. It is therefore necessary for organisations to focus more on their supply chain management system and adapt the concept of strategic lean supply chain management to their internal systems so as to eliminate all non value adding process. Sidney Hill Jr (2008) argued that the lean supply chain system cannot just happen. They emerge from strong working relationships between supply chain partners i.e the purchasing organisations, who are thoroughly committed to continuous improvement processes. Organisations especially the multinational expected to help their train their suppliers to fit into the required standard for supply. This could be organising training for their staff and help setting up some infrastructure that would encourage the lean practice. E-procurement Strategy E-procurement can be seen as a very valuable tool for organisations experiencing difficulties in their supply chain. If properly implemented, e-procurement can be used to connect a link between companies and their business processes with suppliers while managing all interactions between them. It encourages management of correspondence, bids, questions and answers, previous pricing, and multiple emails sent to multiple participants. Defined in different ways by many scholars. Presutti, ( 2002) describes electronic-procurement as the productive use of the internet to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply end of the supply chain. Davila et al. (2002) describes it as any technology designed to facilitate the acquisition of goods over the internet. Most literatures written on e- procurement addressed various issues in their definition. While some such as Brunnelli, (1999), Carabello, 2001 and others limits the definition to acquisition of goods over the internet, Scott and Westbrook (1998); New and Payne, (1995) believes that it should have a broad definition which includes the entire value chain, including materials and supply chain management from the extraction of raw materials to its end of useful life. In most recent times, there has been a change of focus from the strategic view of market to an internal re engineering discovered in supply chain management. This is obvious because e-procurement provides a set of built-in monitoring tools to help control costs, maximum supplier performance and deliver value to the purchasing organisation if adequately maximized. Benefit of e- procurement strategy The use of e-Procurement system help managers make decisions through access to catalogues of many suppliers keeping track of all means of bids while leveraging on knowledge to obtain better pricing. It provides organised, standardized and track able information with the elimination of the use of paper work. Kalakota and Robinson, (2000) explains that the main objective of any companys e-procurement strategy is to better manage the firms operational costs. Basically, the strategy of e-procurement could be seen under two broad umbrella: the effectiveness and the efficiency of use- Davila et al, (2002) and Presutti (2002). Dai and Kauffman, (2000) however argues the benefit in e-procurement in terms of the high returns on investment (ROI) achieved through reduced operating and search cost. A view of benefit of e-procurement adopted by Davila et al, (2002) and Presutti (2002) explains the efficiency and effectiveness of using e-procurement. This includes: a better managed inventory level, cost effectiveness and savings achieved, improved efficiency of the procurement process, reduced maverick spending and better flow of information between buyers and supplier. According to Davila et al (2002), the main reason for the investment on the technology platform used for e-procurement is to achieve cost saving. He confirms that the adoption of e-procurement technologies reported a savings of 42 per cent in purchasing transaction costs. A summary of the various benefits associated with e-procurement as seen in many of the literatures includes but not limited to; Better value for money. Its helps to reduce inventory level and therefore serves as a cost saving measure for the organisation. The managers often know the product, the bid prices and the supplier to contact whenever the product is needed. Completely reduces transaction cost such as requisition, ordering administration and storage cost. E-procurement solution helps firms to interact with a wider supplier base and gives firms the opportunity to reach the unknown but qualified source of suppliers. It also provides the spirit of fair play. There is reduced duplication leading to a more efficient purchasing. It increases the ability to track strategic information and data on procurement including purchasing patterns. E-Procurement systems also allow multiple access levels and permissions help managers organize administrative users by roles, groups, or tasks. Procurement managers do not need to be as highly trained or paid because such systems are standardized and easy to learn. The system also links together the companys procurement unit/department around the world and allows them share information about their best suppliers According to (Presutti, 2002) , the e-procurement system enables firms to more efficiently and accurately capture and aggregate budget spending in various purchasing product area, allowing the firms to bring what may be significant buying power leverage to market. The online real time of e-procurement technology no doubt provides buyers and sellers with the opportunity to share information in building specification of products which add value to resulting product and build strong relation. The larger the base of participating suppliers, considering the benefits to both sides, the greater will be the business value of e-procurement solution. (Presutti, 2002) In conclusion, every organisations goal is to achieve a good return on investment. According to OSD (2001), e-procurement enables the reduction in cost of goods procured and procurement processing time and cost have direct impact on return on investment (ROI). E-procurement risk management As seen from the numerous literatures on e-procurement, the research on the adoption of e-procurement has been made tremendous impact in many organisation, unfortunately not much as done on the risk management of e- procurement, especially within the industries considered in Nigeria. Douglas Hubbard ( 2009) describes Risk management as the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risk followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events. Risk management is the finding out the possibility of a wrong happening, how it can be avoided, fixed or reduced to the barest minimum whenever it occurs Davila et al (2002), agrees that new e-procurement technologies has become an vital part of supply chain management activities and that the rate of adoption will accelerate as aggressive users share their experiences and perceptions of low risk. He went further to argue that the actual benefits and risks of e-procurement technologies and mangers evolving perceptions about the benefits and risks will determine the speed at which the technology moves from its developmental infancy to the adoption and the maturity stages. E-procurement is no doubt growing in most industry and this is due to the competitiveness in most industry and the ever changing nature of the demands of the customers. Some of the risk identified in different literature includes: External business risk: This happen when theres no effective communication between the organisations e procurement system and the customers and suppliers. External parties such as suppliers need to be able to develop internal systems that facilitate the communication through electronic means (an issue that demands technology investments as well as incentives) connected to the e- procurement system. To achieve a successful e-procurement technology, suppliers must have an electronic access via the Internet and should provide sufficient catalogue choices to satisfy the requirements of their customers-purchasers. Although most suppliers, especially in low margin industries, may be undecided or even unable to meet such demands without guarantees of future revenue streams. And also since some of the business models associated with e-procurement technologies (e.g. auctions, consortia, and exchanges) may be thinking of using suppliers with whom the buyer has not previously transacted business, companies need to develop mechanisms that provide the buyer with assurances that the supplier meets or exceeds recognizable and industry enforced standards relating to supplier quality, service, and delivery capabilities. Reputation risk: This type of risk occurs when theres a breach of data that can damage an organisations reputation. Reputation risk occurs for example, when there is duplication in the information on the system which jeopardizes the reliability of the information Implementing e-procurement strategy requires not only having a successful purchasing process in place but also the ability to integrate all existing infrastructures. Okah et al (2007) Technology risk: As the growth of e-procurement advances, most organisation fears the lack of a widely accepted standard and a clear understanding of which e-procurement technologies best suit the needs of each company. This lack of generally acceptable standard serves as a hindrance to the use of commonly integrated software across all e-procurement activities. This suggest that an acceptable and open standard would be required to fully integrate all facilitates among the various organization using the e-procurement technologies. Without widely accepted standards for coding, technical, and process specifications, the adoption of e-procurement technology will be slow and will fail to the desired benefits. Process risk: Frew (2005, p 397) explains that process risk are risk associated with the security and control of the e-procurement process itself. There is need to provide evidence to non users that this technology will not breach control or security or any privacy issue. Organizations must be confident, for example, that unauthorized actions will not disrupt production or other supply chain activities when committing to e-procurement technologies Internal Business risk: According to Davila, et al, (2002) certain risk that are linked with the adoption of e-procurement need to be addressed before these technologies are widely accepted. Although, e-procurement in itself reduces the risk of human factor, maybe due to loss of certain document or misappropriation of data, but there is still a human interface which can also result to a form of risk or error. Okah (2008) describes it as human error risks. In conclusions risk are sometimes unavoidable but adequate measure should be in place to mitigate any kind of such risk whenever it arises and that is the purpose of risk management as it applies to procurement. Davila et al, (2002) also described some risk associated with the integration of technologies with existing information systems, with the business models that these technologies impose on supplier-customer relations and with the security and control mechanisms required to insure their appropriate use. Avery, (2002) however believes that e-procurement are essentially global, many of its limitations come from the geographic, cultural and organizational limitation of the underlying businesses in which they are adopted. Green Sustainable Procurement Strategy There has been increased awareness in our environment as its affects global warming, production of non recyclable packages and some toxic substances. A lot of Organisations have been seen applying the green principle to their organisation activities including the supply chain activities. A Green Sustainable Supply Chain can be defined as the process of using environmentally friendly inputs and transforming these inputs through change agents whose by-products can improve or be recycled within the existing environment. This process develops outputs that can be reclaimed and re-used at the end of their life-cycle thus, creating a sustainable supply chain.- Patrick P (2007) According to Seuring, (2004), Green supply chain management, could be referred to as environmental supply chain management or sustainable supply chain management. This includes green purchasing, green manufacturing/materials management, green distribution/marketing and reverse logistics (Sarkis, 2005) The environmental sustainability according to Madu, et al., (2002) has gradually become part of the overall corporation culture and, in turn, has helped to restructure the strategies of corporations With this increasing awareness in environmental sustainability, companies are beginning to streamline their operations and look for means of reducing their excess inventory, determine the optimal right-shoring plan, and reduce fuel expenses and logistics costs while reducing overall carbon emissions. Purchasers are therefore faced with enormous task of focusing on the design and packages of the products supplied by their suppliers The act of purchasing activities that include the reduction, reuse and recycling of materials is therefore paramount to organisation competitive existence in the marketplace- Carter, et al. (1998) Procurement officers are now trained to go for product with less non recyclable bye products or packages. Study has shown that the cost of most goods are in the packaging, thus if the packaging can be reduced, perhaps made to be recycled, the cost of the product will eventually be low. According to Faith-Ell, et al., (2006) the environmental performance of products and services can improve if purchaser express environmental preferences through the so called green procurement Walton, et al., (1998); Zhu and Cote, (2004) confirms that organisations that adopt the green supply chain management system may generate environmental and business performances. Following various legislation by different Government, consumers are beginning to have preference for product or services produced by environmental friendly organisations. Purba, (2002) also confirm that the practise of a green supply chain, can result in an improved environmental performance through the reduction in waste and emissions as well as better environmental commitment while improving competitiveness (better product quality, increase in efficiency, enhancing productivity and cutting cost), resulting to a better economic performance (new marketing opportunities and increasing product price, profit margin, market share and sale volume). This was supported by Derek Parker who confirms that the ultimate aim of green supply is to achieve specific,measurable results that improve competitiveness across the supply chain by applying sustainable development practices. It is therefore clear based on all the stipulations from the various authors like Walton, et al. (1998), Zhu and Cote (2004) and Purba (2002), as well as other procurement experts, that organizational performance is considered to include environmental and financial performance. The pressure is therefore on all organisations to improve their environmental performances which is a result of the worlds globalization rather than localization (Sarkis and Tamarkin, 2005). Benefits of green supply The benefits of Green supply goes beyond the reduction in waste and emission to the environment but it also benefits the organisation in terms of cost savings. Stevels, (2002) categorised the benefits of green supply into three folds: the financial implication, the company reputation and the societal perception. The financial implication: The green supply chain management practice helps in lowering cost prices for supplier and in turn results to a lower cost for their customers Lower cost of ownership for customer. Better competitive advantage Result to more customers In terms of reputation: Less rejects for supplier Better compliance for societal values. Confirms technological and environment awareness in terms of societal perception: Green supply chain management helps motivation of stakeholder for environment better image for supplier and producer feel good and quality of life for customer Make industry on the right track for society. Green supply chain management helps in lowering the environmental load for environment Duber-Smith, (2005), also highlighted ten reasons why organisations should adopt the green supply strategy: target marketing, sustainability of resources, lowered costs/increased efficiency, product differentiation and competitive advantage, competitive and supply chain pressures, adapting to regulation and reducing risk, brand reputation, return on investment, employee morale, and the ethical imperative. Supplier Evaluation/Selection The responsibilities of buyers or purchasing Managers has changes significantly especially in this competitive environment from purchasing products and service to meet customers needs. It has become necessary for purchasers to provide quality products, delivered just in time by working with adequate numbers of suppliers. Suppliers therefore play a key part in achieving any goal set by a purchasing organisation. Ansari and Modarress, (1988) argued that having a small number of supplier base helps in developing a long-term relationship with the supplier, producing a consistent product quality , special attention, saving of resources, lower cost. According to Lubben, (1988), a limited number of supplier base results to improved efficiency, better service and lower cost of the product over a longer period of time. At this point we can see that supplier evaluation and selection is very critical to the success of any organisation. Ansari (1986) determined the selection criteria both human and operational factors for the successful implementation of lean purchasing. It is worth noting at this point that even though an organisation may have a list of supplier base, these suppliers may not be the ones to provide the required service or products. They could have other specialised suppliers which could be regarded as sub-contractors to the main purchasing organisation. The organisation could have different tiers of supplier where their main supplier base serves as tier one and others sub-suppliers are regarded as tier two and it subsequently goes like that. This is however beyond the scope of this research. 2.5 Summary In todays global market, the main focus of competition is not only between the different companies but also between the procurement and supply chain management system. As most organisations strive to satisfy their various customers, the effective management of these systems now stands very crucial to the successes of all organisations. (Jurij J,et al 2006) Williamson E, et al (2004) argued that It is therefore not sufficient to have an efficient system in place but a synchronize operations of all partner, both buyers and suppliers; with a proper integration system is required. There are lots of techniques and technological solutions that have been developed in recent times, but only a few of companies use them strategically in their supply chain to achieve the competitive advantage. Cox A, (2001). Some of these techniques and technological solution such as the lean concept, the electronic procurement system and the green supply strategies have not been fully utilised to achieve the desired advantage in the marketplace. In conclusion, it is seen that purchasing organisation apart from having adequate supplier base to meet their need, these suppliers are also expected to fulfil some conditions and meet their required standard before being selected. The characteristics of lean buyer-supplier relationship, such as having a fewer number of supplier base is the more reason why these supplier should be made to adopt the organisational strategies of eliminating waste through lean supply, achieving effectiveness in supply by the use of e- procurement system and the full adoption of the Green supply strategies as it affect their principles and policies on being environmental friendly in the supply processes. 3.0 Methodology In this chapter, I will carefully go through the procedures adopted in this research. The used will be described and a detailed explanation of the validity and reliability of the criteria used for this used. The data collection for this dissertation was basically through interviews of Senior Buyers or Purchasing Managers of selected Nigeria companies especially in the striving industries; Oil and Gas, Telecommunication and Finance sector. According to Khan and Cannel (1957) an interview is a discussion between two or more people to achieve a purpose. Furthermore a research interview on the other hand is a purpose driven discussion where the interviewee is evaluated through questioning in line with the research questions and objectives. 3.1 Research Purpose The primary purpose of this research is evaluate the procurement best practises adopted by Nigeria companies as it affect the use of lean supply strategy, e-procurement and how environmental friendly their procurement policies through the adoption of the green supply chain management system. The research purpose and question could be said to be descriptive research. The objective of such a descriptive research is to provide a proper description of various phenomenons connected to individuals, situations, systems or events that occur. The purpose might be to develop a broad overview of the situation which when proper explained leads to theory development. (Reynolds,1971). The companies selected are the top companies in Nigeria three key industry: Oil and Gas, Telecommunication and Financial sector. The reason is that these top companies would definitely be involved in lot of procurement activities and their practices I believe would represent the general procurement practise in Nigeria as a whole. These companies include Shell Nigeria, Shell UK, Schlumberger Nigeria, Total Elf, MTN, Zain, United Bank for African Plc, First City Monument Bank Plc, Ericsson, Purchasing and supply institute Nigeria. The contacts who responded to the request of this research by participating in the interview are the telecommunication giant in African, MTN, Ericsson Nigeria, Schlumberger, the biggest oil and Gas servicing companies in the world and I have used FCMB, a typical commercial Bank in Nigeria. Also along side these companies I have interviewed some procurement experts here in the UK so as to have a clue to the procurement practice in the Uk and also the benefit. This would enable me draw a parallel lesson in terms of the need and implication of non usage of these all important procurement strategies. A semi structured interview was conducted for all organisation involved in the research through an initial email contact with the respective procurement Managers requesting for an interview with the Manager or the procurement team. 3.2 Research Approach There are different ways of conducting a research but broadly speaking this can be categorised into two. It could deductive/ inductive or qualitative/quantitative. According to Yin (2003) quantitative approach involves a selectivity research and distance to the object of research, whereas a qualitative approach is characterized by proximity to the object of research. The result of the quantitative approach is based on numbers and statistics whereas the qualitative approach the focuses on describing an event with the use of words. Although a multi-method approach would have been good for this research but for the limitation of time, I have adopted a deductive approach in order to draw a reference with some other strategies. The qualitative/quantitative are method of treating and analysing the data collected. Both approaches have their strengths and weaknesses but according to Yin, (2003), the method to be adopted for any research depends on the research purpose and the accompanying research questions. For the purpose of this research a qualitative method has been adopted in order to have complete and detailed information on first hand basis directly from the people concerned. 3.3 Research Strategy A research strategy can be defined as a set of actions that gives direction to achieving a research goal or objectives. It helps to save time while enabling a systematic conduct of research. According to Yin (2003), there are primarily five different types of research strategies in the social sciences. This includes; experiments, surveys, archival analysis, histories, and case studies. He further argued that each strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages depending on three conditions: The type of research question posed. The extent of control an investigator has over actual behavioural events. The degree of focus on contemporary, as opposed to historical, events. From the above, I have adopted a multi-method approach in my research strategy namely archival analysis, survey and case study approach. 3.3.1 Archival Analysis This strategy involves the use of literatures on procurement practices around the world and how it relates to this research 3.3.2 Case study According to Saunders et al (2003 p 473 cited by Okah 2008) a case study is an empirical research that investigates a current phenomenon within its real-life context, when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident and in which multiple sources of evidence are used. A case study could also be a single or multiple-case study. Yin (2003), confirms that a single case study normally makes an in depth investigation as it affect only one entity, such as an organization or a decision. However, a multiple-case study, involves two or more entities which gives the researcher the opportunity to draw comparisons. The only risk with the multiple-case study however is there might not be enough depth in the investigation conducted (Yin, 2003).The advantage on the other hand is confidence of the findings when a multiple-case studies is used. (Miles and Huberman, 1994). I have adopted a multiple-case study for this research so as to afford me the opportunity to make comparison and reach a general consensus since it affects the country as a whole. 3.3.3 Surveys The survey method used in this study research was basically done through the use of interviews. The interview was chosen as the main primary data collection method because helps to focus more on the topic of the case study. Although I recognise the risk of biased responses from the respondent but that was taken care of in the manner with which the research question was structured. While telephone interview were conducted in some cases especially for geographical reasons, (since this report was written in the UK) a face to face interview was conducted for some. I used a voice recorder in a few instances as not all respondents agreed to have their responses recorded. This actually helped me listen to the recorded responses repeatedly in order not to leave any fact out. In-depth interview This basically is like a general interview to understand the present practise in the various industries under research. This method was used for two reasons: first to get a suitable respondent and to also get respondent to give a detailed overview of the procurement strategies adopted by the company so I can know the present stance of the company. Semi Structured interview questions A semi structured interview questions that outlined all the main aspect of this report was composed and sent to all respondent before the actual interview was conducted. This is to give them enough time to prepare and also understand the purpose of the interview. It is worth mentioning here that the respondents for this particular interview were mainly procurement/purchasing Managers due to the level of interest in topic at hand. The research was developed from the various literatures that describe the best practices in procurement processes as it affects various industries. Although the questions were tailored more towards the need to adopt the lean supply, e-procurement and the green supply chain management strategies. Open ended questions were used so as to get the respondent to give a form of narrative response rather a yes or No answers. This helped extract a lot of facts from the various respondents as I was able to get insights to some questions that was never asked. 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