Procurement Goods Services - Business Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7409 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Procurement is the acquisition of goods, works and services. The process covers a whole cycle from the identification of needs through the supply of the product and to the end of the service contact and even the end of the useful life of the asset procured. This chapter explains the background of this research work, the problem discussion and the overview of the structure adopted in this dissertation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Procurement Goods Services Business Dissertations" essay for you Create order Background The speed of technological advancement is so much now that no part of the global world can afford to be left behind especially now that the world has become a global village. Businesses all over the world are hence looking for strategies that will position them and make them have a competitive advantage whatever it takes. Such competitive advantage could be gotten from doing business at a low cost achieving lot of savings or having an effective work system. That is what a good procurement best practice strategy can deliver to any organisation. Many Organizations are now seen trying to focus on making their procurement strategies as efficient and cost effective as possible to ensure they have a competitive edge in their industries. According to source one management services, LLC, (2008) the advent of Best Practice Procurement Processes has suddenly seen a lot of companies realizing substantial cost reductions through: Having a proper understanding of the cost drivers used in determining total cost of ownership. Elimination of all non-value adding process thereby Increasing efficiency across the entire supply chain. Aggregation of demand, supplier rationalization, strategic sourcing, and enhanced supplier relationships resulting in improved cycle time. Electronically enabling the supply chain through the use of paperless e-Procurement tools and e-commerce portals. Reduction of carrying costs, warehousing, movement, obsolescence and shrinkage through the alternative inventory ownership agreements retained consignment and vendor managed inventory. Problem discussion Different strategies are often used in achieving the best procurement processes in various industries. The need for developing countries especially Nigeria industries not to be left behind in utilizing these opportunity has necessitated this research work. For the purpose of this study, I will consider the extent to which procurement practices in Nigeria has adopted the three key strategies discussed in the work namely the lean supply, the e-procurement and the green supply strategies as it relates to environmental friendly policies adopted by various organisations in Nigeria. Kirk Zylstra (2007 p 10), argued that the main objective of all supply chain executives today is he to ensure that future business forecasts, ever changing customer demand, and other variations across the supply chain do not upset their carefully laid cost-reduction plans. Its however been discovered that the main obstacle to this vision is the ability to model budgets, accurately tie real costs to operations, and develop processes that execute these plans daily. This is where the application of lean principles to supply chain operations can help. According to Len Cooper, Senior Vice president of supply chain Halliburton, confirms that Halliburton is focusing mostly on Lean strategies with suppliers, and less so on Six Sigma because, as Cooper explains, Lean focuses on speed and throughput, which is easier for suppliers to apply and is in fact a goal for our suppliers. He went further to states that we would rather have our best suppliers grow with us, especially in these times, rather than go out and find more suppliers in order to gain access to additional capacity. We wanted to share our Creativity Over Capital ideas and experiences and benefits with them. In one of the report done by Andrea Ovans of Harvard Business report on E- procurement at Schlumberger Oilfield Services, (the worlds largest oil service company on is using the Web to revolutionize the way it buys equipment and supplies) on What they accomplished by moving to e-procurement?. The brain behind the strategy, Paris-based Alain-Michel Diamant Berger explains that We replaced a number of different systems some that were paper based, some that were automated with a single desktop system. Thats allowed us to streamline and speed up our entire purchasing operation. He further confirmed that buying supplies and equipment has often been very slow and complicated in the past, with lots and lots of papers and approval processes involved before executing a buy. However employees now act as their own purchasing agents, placing orders directly through their PCs and receiving the goods they need much more quickly. The advantage here is that the e procurement single system adopted by Schlumberger which help to consolidate purchases and gain greater volume discounts from our vendors. According to Derek Parker The ultimate aim is to achieve specific, measurable results that improve competitiveness across the supply chain by applying sustainable development practices. Suppliers are often made to understand that sustainable practices improve the long term financial bottom line and in many cases the greening of supply chain has a positive interaction with a move towards lean manufacturing, and sustainable processes which are ways of eliminating waste. From the aforementioned strategies adopted by Schlumberger, Halliburton and other organisations described as seen above, it is obvious that there is need to adopt a more aggressive strategy as that adopted by these organisations in order to remain competitive and relevant to their respective industry. The purpose of this research therefore is to evaluate the extent to which these all important strategies have been adopted by organisation in Nigeria, noting the implication and the key hindrance inhibiting these strategies. It is also critical to note that while Sustainable Procurement activities are common in many developed countries, the awareness and implementation is still relatively low in most developing countries. While I recognise the important role that procurement policies can play to support of sustainable development, this research is aims to contribute to the adoption of sustainable procurement strategy in developing countries especially Nigeria. Overview of the dissertation structure The whole dissertation is divided into six major chapters. This chapter which serves as the introduction gives the background and overview of the importance of the topic, the purpose of the research and finally the research questions then introduced. The second chapter provides the reader the opportunity to have an insight into the literature review on some the topics related to the research. This leads us to the third chapter giving the details of the methodology adopted in the carrying out the research. It explains the purpose, the approach and the strategy adopted for the research. It also shows the synopsis of how I arrived at the method I finally adopted for the research. Chapter four gives the highlight of the background of the companies used for this case study and all data gathered in the course of the research. These data were analysed in chapter five while a final conclusion and implications was drawn in chapter six based on the findings of the data analysis. 2.0 Literature Review With the global economic melt down across the nations, organisations are expected to seek a way out of this challenge, among others, looking for a way to reduce turn around time and cost through their procurement strategies. Competition therefore in todays global market is not only between different companies but also between supply chains management systems. The evolvement in technological advancement and organizational improvements are important for effective supply chain management; however, the main cause of SCM improvements according to juril et al, (2006) is not the implementation of an information system itself, but rather a change and an integration of business processes. Over the years some changes have taken place in the development of innovative procurement strategies especially in sectors like manufacturing, retail, oil and Gas, construction and even service oriented industry. Jim Scotti, (2007) believes Procurement is now evolving into a far more strategic discipline, driven principally by a greater awareness of the financial implications of executing the function well. There are different procurement strategies adopted by organisations in the market place but using the best procurement practices would guaranty the desired success for any organisation. Based on different literatures written by authors the subject of procurement, some of the commonly adopted procurement best practices include: Creating an efficient system that would save time and money. Creating a pre-qualified and broad supplier base which enables all suppliers to be uniformly and objectively evaluated. Creating a comprehensive bid specification with full details before an invitation for bids is sent to the suppliers in the supplier pool. Creating mutual acceptance of the process whereby every supplier in the pool knows that it can bid low on any supply. Ensuring full transparency of bids through sending bid results to all suppliers that participated in the bid. Monitoring every step of the workflow process to ensure clear communications, attention to every detail and a deliverable end product. Ensuring that work is performed per specifications and on time. Completing the project with accurate invoicing. With the advent of Best Practice Procurement processes, a lot of companies have realized substantial cost reductions through understanding the cost drivers that determine the total cost of the supply chain and completely eliminating all non-value adding process in their supply chain line For the purpose of this report three strategies for achieving Procurement best practices will be considered and these include the adoption of the lean supply, e-procurement and adoption of the green supply strategies. While a lot of research has been done on the lean supply and e-procurement and their benefits if properly implemented, not much seems to be mentioned on the green supply principles and need to implement these strategies to achieve procurement best practices while considering the environmental friendly green supply chain management scheme in various organisations and how companies can benefit from this inevitable procurement procedure. Lean Supply Strategy Lean as described by Nigel (2006) is the process of achieving the flow of products and services to meet customers demand in the right quantity, right time, right place at the lowest price with no waste. The key principle focuses on maximizing customer value by producing goods and services with higher quality, fewer defects eliminating various forms of waste or any non-value adding activities through all possible continuous improvement processes. Womark (1996) described the five principles of lean, which includes: identify the value demanded by customer Identify the steps involved in the whole value stream Generate a flow in the value stream Produce only what is pulled by customer Strive for perfection through continuous improvement The adoption of these key principles in procurement activities in order to ensure that the organisation maximises the value of every good or service purchased explains the reason for lean supply or procurement as it applies to this research. R. Stratton (2003) believes Lean supply enables flow and the elimination of wasteful processes within the supply chain. Its focuses on continuous improvement strategies, through the elimination all non-value creating activities, reducing waste and effectively the cost of procurement. According to Lubben, (1998), lean supply aims at improving efficiency, quality and delivery performance of suppliers. It also focuses on removing all non value adding activities so as to reduce the cost of supply of material. For any procurement strategy to succeed the purchasing manager must be able to connect the strategy with the financial implication or performance. W.D. Presutti Jr. (2003) Benefit of adopting lean procurement Organizations within a lean supply chain are able to leverage their own lean journey more easily, delivering better customer value by responding more efficiently, quickly, and predictably to customer needs. That, in turn, facilitates the operation of the lean supply chain, creating a virtuous cycle that ultimately translates to superior financial performance for these organizations. In the article Halliburton pushes Lean Six Sigma to its supply base (2009), the use of lean six sigma between 2004 and 2008, tripled their output from its manufacturing plants without any meaningful increase in the total capital footprint for those plants. The companys manufacturing cycle times were reduced, increasing their asset utilization out of all their equipment. According to Len Cooper, who is the Senior Vice president of supply chain management in Halliburton states that the lean process alleviated the need for more capital investment to support the type of output growth they experienced with the adoption of lean six sigma. Generally, the adoption of lean supply gives a lot of other benefits which includes achieving a minimal level of defects in supply, frequent deliveries.( Handfield, 1993) He further argued that because there are smaller number of suppliers, this could lead to developing a long term relationship between the buy and supplier which eventually leads reduced products price that would benefit the purchasing organisation. Strategies to adopt a lean supply system Inadequate management of the procurement process adds cost and adversely impacts customer service. In the current competitive environment such inefficiencies can no longer be tolerate. It is therefore necessary for organisations to focus more on their supply chain management system and adapt the concept of strategic lean supply chain management to their internal systems so as to eliminate all non value adding process. Sidney Hill Jr (2008) argued that the lean supply chain system cannot just happen. They emerge from strong working relationships between supply chain partners i.e the purchasing organisations, who are thoroughly committed to continuous improvement processes. Organisations especially the multinational expected to help their train their suppliers to fit into the required standard for supply. This could be organising training for their staff and help setting up some infrastructure that would encourage the lean practice. E-procurement Strategy E-procurement can be seen as a very valuable tool for organisations experiencing difficulties in their supply chain. If properly implemented, e-procurement can be used to connect a link between companies and their business processes with suppliers while managing all interactions between them. It encourages management of correspondence, bids, questions and answers, previous pricing, and multiple emails sent to multiple participants. Defined in different ways by many scholars. Presutti, ( 2002) describes electronic-procurement as the productive use of the internet to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply end of the supply chain. Davila et al. (2002) describes it as any technology designed to facilitate the acquisition of goods over the internet. Most literatures written on e- procurement addressed various issues in their definition. While some such as Brunnelli, (1999), Carabello, 2001 and others limits the definition to acquisition of goods over the internet, Scott and Westbrook (1998); New and Payne, (1995) believes that it should have a broad definition which includes the entire value chain, including materials and supply chain management from the extraction of raw materials to its end of useful life. In most recent times, there has been a change of focus from the strategic view of market to an internal re engineering discovered in supply chain management. This is obvious because e-procurement provides a set of built-in monitoring tools to help control costs, maximum supplier performance and deliver value to the purchasing organisation if adequately maximized. Benefit of e- procurement strategy The use of e-Procurement system help managers make decisions through access to catalogues of many suppliers keeping track of all means of bids while leveraging on knowledge to obtain better pricing. It provides organised, standardized and track able information with the elimination of the use of paper work. Kalakota and Robinson, (2000) explains that the main objective of any companys e-procurement strategy is to better manage the firms operational costs. Basically, the strategy of e-procurement could be seen under two broad umbrella: the effectiveness and the efficiency of use- Davila et al, (2002) and Presutti (2002). Dai and Kauffman, (2000) however argues the benefit in e-procurement in terms of the high returns on investment (ROI) achieved through reduced operating and search cost. A view of benefit of e-procurement adopted by Davila et al, (2002) and Presutti (2002) explains the efficiency and effectiveness of using e-procurement. This includes: a better managed inventory level, cost effectiveness and savings achieved, improved efficiency of the procurement process, reduced maverick spending and better flow of information between buyers and supplier. According to Davila et al (2002), the main reason for the investment on the technology platform used for e-procurement is to achieve cost saving. He confirms that the adoption of e-procurement technologies reported a savings of 42 per cent in purchasing transaction costs. A summary of the various benefits associated with e-procurement as seen in many of the literatures includes but not limited to; Better value for money. Its helps to reduce inventory level and therefore serves as a cost saving measure for the organisation. The managers often know the product, the bid prices and the supplier to contact whenever the product is needed. Completely reduces transaction cost such as requisition, ordering administration and storage cost. E-procurement solution helps firms to interact with a wider supplier base and gives firms the opportunity to reach the unknown but qualified source of suppliers. It also provides the spirit of fair play. There is reduced duplication leading to a more efficient purchasing. It increases the ability to track strategic information and data on procurement including purchasing patterns. E-Procurement systems also allow multiple access levels and permissions help managers organize administrative users by roles, groups, or tasks. Procurement managers do not need to be as highly trained or paid because such systems are standardized and easy to learn. The system also links together the companys procurement unit/department around the world and allows them share information about their best suppliers According to (Presutti, 2002) , the e-procurement system enables firms to more efficiently and accurately capture and aggregate budget spending in various purchasing product area, allowing the firms to bring what may be significant buying power leverage to market. The online real time of e-procurement technology no doubt provides buyers and sellers with the opportunity to share information in building specification of products which add value to resulting product and build strong relation. The larger the base of participating suppliers, considering the benefits to both sides, the greater will be the business value of e-procurement solution. (Presutti, 2002) In conclusion, every organisations goal is to achieve a good return on investment. According to OSD (2001), e-procurement enables the reduction in cost of goods procured and procurement processing time and cost have direct impact on return on investment (ROI). E-procurement risk management As seen from the numerous literatures on e-procurement, the research on the adoption of e-procurement has been made tremendous impact in many organisation, unfortunately not much as done on the risk management of e- procurement, especially within the industries considered in Nigeria. Douglas Hubbard ( 2009) describes Risk management as the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risk followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events. Risk management is the finding out the possibility of a wrong happening, how it can be avoided, fixed or reduced to the barest minimum whenever it occurs Davila et al (2002), agrees that new e-procurement technologies has become an vital part of supply chain management activities and that the rate of adoption will accelerate as aggressive users share their experiences and perceptions of low risk. He went further to argue that the actual benefits and risks of e-procurement technologies and mangers evolving perceptions about the benefits and risks will determine the speed at which the technology moves from its developmental infancy to the adoption and the maturity stages. E-procurement is no doubt growing in most industry and this is due to the competitiveness in most industry and the ever changing nature of the demands of the customers. Some of the risk identified in different literature includes: External business risk: This happen when theres no effective communication between the organisations e procurement system and the customers and suppliers. External parties such as suppliers need to be able to develop internal systems that facilitate the communication through electronic means (an issue that demands technology investments as well as incentives) connected to the e- procurement system. To achieve a successful e-procurement technology, suppliers must have an electronic access via the Internet and should provide sufficient catalogue choices to satisfy the requirements of their customers-purchasers. Although most suppliers, especially in low margin industries, may be undecided or even unable to meet such demands without guarantees of future revenue streams. And also since some of the business models associated with e-procurement technologies (e.g. auctions, consortia, and exchanges) may be thinking of using suppliers with whom the buyer has not previously transacted business, companies need to develop mechanisms that provide the buyer with assurances that the supplier meets or exceeds recognizable and industry enforced standards relating to supplier quality, service, and delivery capabilities. Reputation risk: This type of risk occurs when theres a breach of data that can damage an organisations reputation. Reputation risk occurs for example, when there is duplication in the information on the system which jeopardizes the reliability of the information Implementing e-procurement strategy requires not only having a successful purchasing process in place but also the ability to integrate all existing infrastructures. Okah et al (2007) Technology risk: As the growth of e-procurement advances, most organisation fears the lack of a widely accepted standard and a clear understanding of which e-procurement technologies best suit the needs of each company. This lack of generally acceptable standard serves as a hindrance to the use of commonly integrated software across all e-procurement activities. This suggest that an acceptable and open standard would be required to fully integrate all facilitates among the various organization using the e-procurement technologies. Without widely accepted standards for coding, technical, and process specifications, the adoption of e-procurement technology will be slow and will fail to the desired benefits. Process risk: Frew (2005, p 397) explains that process risk are risk associated with the security and control of the e-procurement process itself. There is need to provide evidence to non users that this technology will not breach control or security or any privacy issue. Organizations must be confident, for example, that unauthorized actions will not disrupt production or other supply chain activities when committing to e-procurement technologies Internal Business risk: According to Davila, et al, (2002) certain risk that are linked with the adoption of e-procurement need to be addressed before these technologies are widely accepted. Although, e-procurement in itself reduces the risk of human factor, maybe due to loss of certain document or misappropriation of data, but there is still a human interface which can also result to a form of risk or error. Okah (2008) describes it as human error risks. In conclusions risk are sometimes unavoidable but adequate measure should be in place to mitigate any kind of such risk whenever it arises and that is the purpose of risk management as it applies to procurement. Davila et al, (2002) also described some risk associated with the integration of technologies with existing information systems, with the business models that these technologies impose on supplier-customer relations and with the security and control mechanisms required to insure their appropriate use. Avery, (2002) however believes that e-procurement are essentially global, many of its limitations come from the geographic, cultural and organizational limitation of the underlying businesses in which they are adopted. Green Sustainable Procurement Strategy There has been increased awareness in our environment as its affects global warming, production of non recyclable packages and some toxic substances. A lot of Organisations have been seen applying the green principle to their organisation activities including the supply chain activities. A Green Sustainable Supply Chain can be defined as the process of using environmentally friendly inputs and transforming these inputs through change agents whose by-products can improve or be recycled within the existing environment. This process develops outputs that can be reclaimed and re-used at the end of their life-cycle thus, creating a sustainable supply chain.- Patrick P (2007) According to Seuring, (2004), Green supply chain management, could be referred to as environmental supply chain management or sustainable supply chain management. This includes green purchasing, green manufacturing/materials management, green distribution/marketing and reverse logistics (Sarkis, 2005) The environmental sustainability according to Madu, et al., (2002) has gradually become part of the overall corporation culture and, in turn, has helped to restructure the strategies of corporations With this increasing awareness in environmental sustainability, companies are beginning to streamline their operations and look for means of reducing their excess inventory, determine the optimal right-shoring plan, and reduce fuel expenses and logistics costs while reducing overall carbon emissions. Purchasers are therefore faced with enormous task of focusing on the design and packages of the products supplied by their suppliers The act of purchasing activities that include the reduction, reuse and recycling of materials is therefore paramount to organisation competitive existence in the marketplace- Carter, et al. (1998) Procurement officers are now trained to go for product with less non recyclable bye products or packages. Study has shown that the cost of most goods are in the packaging, thus if the packaging can be reduced, perhaps made to be recycled, the cost of the product will eventually be low. According to Faith-Ell, et al., (2006) the environmental performance of products and services can improve if purchaser express environmental preferences through the so called green procurement Walton, et al., (1998); Zhu and Cote, (2004) confirms that organisations that adopt the green supply chain management system may generate environmental and business performances. Following various legislation by different Government, consumers are beginning to have preference for product or services produced by environmental friendly organisations. Purba, (2002) also confirm that the practise of a green supply chain, can result in an improved environmental performance through the reduction in waste and emissions as well as better environmental commitment while improving competitiveness (better product quality, increase in efficiency, enhancing productivity and cutting cost), resulting to a better economic performance (new marketing opportunities and increasing product price, profit margin, market share and sale volume). This was supported by Derek Parker who confirms that the ultimate aim of green supply is to achieve specific,measurable results that improve competitiveness across the supply chain by applying sustainable development practices. It is therefore clear based on all the stipulations from the various authors like Walton, et al. (1998), Zhu and Cote (2004) and Purba (2002), as well as other procurement experts, that organizational performance is considered to include environmental and financial performance. The pressure is therefore on all organisations to improve their environmental performances which is a result of the worlds globalization rather than localization (Sarkis and Tamarkin, 2005). Benefits of green supply The benefits of Green supply goes beyond the reduction in waste and emission to the environment but it also benefits the organisation in terms of cost savings. Stevels, (2002) categorised the benefits of green supply into three folds: the financial implication, the company reputation and the societal perception. The financial implication: The green supply chain management practice helps in lowering cost prices for supplier and in turn results to a lower cost for their customers Lower cost of ownership for customer. Better competitive advantage Result to more customers In terms of reputation: Less rejects for supplier Better compliance for societal values. Confirms technological and environment awareness in terms of societal perception: Green supply chain management helps motivation of stakeholder for environment better image for supplier and producer feel good and quality of life for customer Make industry on the right track for society. Green supply chain management helps in lowering the environmental load for environment Duber-Smith, (2005), also highlighted ten reasons why organisations should adopt the green supply strategy: target marketing, sustainability of resources, lowered costs/increased efficiency, product differentiation and competitive advantage, competitive and supply chain pressures, adapting to regulation and reducing risk, brand reputation, return on investment, employee morale, and the ethical imperative. Supplier Evaluation/Selection The responsibilities of buyers or purchasing Managers has changes significantly especially in this competitive environment from purchasing products and service to meet customers needs. It has become necessary for purchasers to provide quality products, delivered just in time by working with adequate numbers of suppliers. Suppliers therefore play a key part in achieving any goal set by a purchasing organisation. Ansari and Modarress, (1988) argued that having a small number of supplier base helps in developing a long-term relationship with the supplier, producing a consistent product quality , special attention, saving of resources, lower cost. According to Lubben, (1988), a limited number of supplier base results to improved efficiency, better service and lower cost of the product over a longer period of time. At this point we can see that supplier evaluation and selection is very critical to the success of any organisation. Ansari (1986) determined the selection criteria both human and operational factors for the successful implementation of lean purchasing. It is worth noting at this point that even though an organisation may have a list of supplier base, these suppliers may not be the ones to provide the required service or products. They could have other specialised suppliers which could be regarded as sub-contractors to the main purchasing organisation. The organisation could have different tiers of supplier where their main supplier base serves as tier one and others sub-suppliers are regarded as tier two and it subsequently goes like that. This is however beyond the scope of this research. 2.5 Summary In todays global market, the main focus of competition is not only between the different companies but also between the procurement and supply chain management system. As most organisations strive to satisfy their various customers, the effective management of these systems now stands very crucial to the successes of all organisations. (Jurij J,et al 2006) Williamson E, et al (2004) argued that It is therefore not sufficient to have an efficient system in place but a synchronize operations of all partner, both buyers and suppliers; with a proper integration system is required. There are lots of techniques and technological solutions that have been developed in recent times, but only a few of companies use them strategically in their supply chain to achieve the competitive advantage. Cox A, (2001). Some of these techniques and technological solution such as the lean concept, the electronic procurement system and the green supply strategies have not been fully utilised to achieve the desired advantage in the marketplace. In conclusion, it is seen that purchasing organisation apart from having adequate supplier base to meet their need, these suppliers are also expected to fulfil some conditions and meet their required standard before being selected. The characteristics of lean buyer-supplier relationship, such as having a fewer number of supplier base is the more reason why these supplier should be made to adopt the organisational strategies of eliminating waste through lean supply, achieving effectiveness in supply by the use of e- procurement system and the full adoption of the Green supply strategies as it affect their principles and policies on being environmental friendly in the supply processes. 3.0 Methodology In this chapter, I will carefully go through the procedures adopted in this research. The used will be described and a detailed explanation of the validity and reliability of the criteria used for this used. The data collection for this dissertation was basically through interviews of Senior Buyers or Purchasing Managers of selected Nigeria companies especially in the striving industries; Oil and Gas, Telecommunication and Finance sector. According to Khan and Cannel (1957) an interview is a discussion between two or more people to achieve a purpose. Furthermore a research interview on the other hand is a purpose driven discussion where the interviewee is evaluated through questioning in line with the research questions and objectives. 3.1 Research Purpose The primary purpose of this research is evaluate the procurement best practises adopted by Nigeria companies as it affect the use of lean supply strategy, e-procurement and how environmental friendly their procurement policies through the adoption of the green supply chain management system. The research purpose and question could be said to be descriptive research. The objective of such a descriptive research is to provide a proper description of various phenomenons connected to individuals, situations, systems or events that occur. The purpose might be to develop a broad overview of the situation which when proper explained leads to theory development. (Reynolds,1971). The companies selected are the top companies in Nigeria three key industry: Oil and Gas, Telecommunication and Financial sector. The reason is that these top companies would definitely be involved in lot of procurement activities and their practices I believe would represent the general procurement practise in Nigeria as a whole. These companies include Shell Nigeria, Shell UK, Schlumberger Nigeria, Total Elf, MTN, Zain, United Bank for African Plc, First City Monument Bank Plc, Ericsson, Purchasing and supply institute Nigeria. The contacts who responded to the request of this research by participating in the interview are the telecommunication giant in African, MTN, Ericsson Nigeria, Schlumberger, the biggest oil and Gas servicing companies in the world and I have used FCMB, a typical commercial Bank in Nigeria. Also along side these companies I have interviewed some procurement experts here in the UK so as to have a clue to the procurement practice in the Uk and also the benefit. This would enable me draw a parallel lesson in terms of the need and implication of non usage of these all important procurement strategies. A semi structured interview was conducted for all organisation involved in the research through an initial email contact with the respective procurement Managers requesting for an interview with the Manager or the procurement team. 3.2 Research Approach There are different ways of conducting a research but broadly speaking this can be categorised into two. It could deductive/ inductive or qualitative/quantitative. According to Yin (2003) quantitative approach involves a selectivity research and distance to the object of research, whereas a qualitative approach is characterized by proximity to the object of research. The result of the quantitative approach is based on numbers and statistics whereas the qualitative approach the focuses on describing an event with the use of words. Although a multi-method approach would have been good for this research but for the limitation of time, I have adopted a deductive approach in order to draw a reference with some other strategies. The qualitative/quantitative are method of treating and analysing the data collected. Both approaches have their strengths and weaknesses but according to Yin, (2003), the method to be adopted for any research depends on the research purpose and the accompanying research questions. For the purpose of this research a qualitative method has been adopted in order to have complete and detailed information on first hand basis directly from the people concerned. 3.3 Research Strategy A research strategy can be defined as a set of actions that gives direction to achieving a research goal or objectives. It helps to save time while enabling a systematic conduct of research. According to Yin (2003), there are primarily five different types of research strategies in the social sciences. This includes; experiments, surveys, archival analysis, histories, and case studies. He further argued that each strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages depending on three conditions: The type of research question posed. The extent of control an investigator has over actual behavioural events. The degree of focus on contemporary, as opposed to historical, events. From the above, I have adopted a multi-method approach in my research strategy namely archival analysis, survey and case study approach. 3.3.1 Archival Analysis This strategy involves the use of literatures on procurement practices around the world and how it relates to this research 3.3.2 Case study According to Saunders et al (2003 p 473 cited by Okah 2008) a case study is an empirical research that investigates a current phenomenon within its real-life context, when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident and in which multiple sources of evidence are used. A case study could also be a single or multiple-case study. Yin (2003), confirms that a single case study normally makes an in depth investigation as it affect only one entity, such as an organization or a decision. However, a multiple-case study, involves two or more entities which gives the researcher the opportunity to draw comparisons. The only risk with the multiple-case study however is there might not be enough depth in the investigation conducted (Yin, 2003).The advantage on the other hand is confidence of the findings when a multiple-case studies is used. (Miles and Huberman, 1994). I have adopted a multiple-case study for this research so as to afford me the opportunity to make comparison and reach a general consensus since it affects the country as a whole. 3.3.3 Surveys The survey method used in this study research was basically done through the use of interviews. The interview was chosen as the main primary data collection method because helps to focus more on the topic of the case study. Although I recognise the risk of biased responses from the respondent but that was taken care of in the manner with which the research question was structured. While telephone interview were conducted in some cases especially for geographical reasons, (since this report was written in the UK) a face to face interview was conducted for some. I used a voice recorder in a few instances as not all respondents agreed to have their responses recorded. This actually helped me listen to the recorded responses repeatedly in order not to leave any fact out. In-depth interview This basically is like a general interview to understand the present practise in the various industries under research. This method was used for two reasons: first to get a suitable respondent and to also get respondent to give a detailed overview of the procurement strategies adopted by the company so I can know the present stance of the company. Semi Structured interview questions A semi structured interview questions that outlined all the main aspect of this report was composed and sent to all respondent before the actual interview was conducted. This is to give them enough time to prepare and also understand the purpose of the interview. It is worth mentioning here that the respondents for this particular interview were mainly procurement/purchasing Managers due to the level of interest in topic at hand. The research was developed from the various literatures that describe the best practices in procurement processes as it affects various industries. Although the questions were tailored more towards the need to adopt the lean supply, e-procurement and the green supply chain management strategies. Open ended questions were used so as to get the respondent to give a form of narrative response rather a yes or No answers. This helped extract a lot of facts from the various respondents as I was able to get insights to some questions that was never asked. References HBRs Andrea Ovans (2000), E procurement at Schlumberger, HARVARD BUSINESS review may-June 2000 Derek Parker (Nov 2008), Holdens drive for green, lean supply chains, MANUFACTURERS- MONTHLY Purchasing (March 2009, p 19), Halliburton pushes Lean Six Sigma to its supply base, www.purchasing.com I www. purchasingdata, com 2008 Source One Management Services, LLC Applying Best Practices in Procurement,whyabe.com Avery, S, (2002), E-procurement helps set strategy that cuts costs,Purchasing 131, 25 March 7, 2002. Brunnelli, M A, (1999), Consultants see big future on e-commerce. Purchasing Oct (1999), pp-83-85. Carabello, L, (2001), E-procurement can reduce expenses,Healthcare financial management 82-83. New and Payne, (1995), Research frameworks in logistics: three models, seven dinners and a survey.International journal of physical distribution and logistics management, p p 60-77. J. Jaklic, P. Trkman, A.Groznik, M. Indihar Stemberger, (2006), Enhancing lean supply chain maturity with business process management, Journal of information and organizational sciences, Volume 30, Number 2 Jim Scotti, (2007), Creating competitive advantage with strategic procurement, supply chain management.- (Fluor Corp) Nigel Slack, Stuart Chambers, Robert Johnson, Alan Betts (2006), operations and process management. FT Prentice Hall Womark J P and Jones D.T (1996), lean thinking. New York: simon and Schuster. Lubben, R. T (1988), Just in Time Manufacturing, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY Presutti. Jr .W.D, (2002). Supply management and e-procurement: creating value added in the supply chain. pp. 219-226. Davila, A., Gupta, M., and Palmer, R.J (2002),Moving procurement systems to the internet: the adoption and use of E-procurement technologies models, Stanford GSB Research Paper No. 1742. https://ssrn.com/abstract=323923 Dai,Q.and Kauffman, R. J, (2000). Business models for Internet-based E-Procurement systems and B2B electronic markets: An exploratory assessment. Proceedings of the 34thHawaii International Conference on Systems Science, Maui, Hawaii Kalakota, R., Robinson, M (2000),e-business 2.0: roadmap for success, pp 6,307. Scott and Westbrook, (1998),New strategic tools for supplier relationships: the role of electronic commerce. International journal of physical distribution and logistics management, p p 23-33. Douglas Hubbard (2009) The Failure of Risk Management: Why Its Broken and How to Fix Itpg. 46, John Wiley Sons, Okah J, Nwankwo S and Shoniregun C (2007) A pragmatic implementation of e procurement systems risk assessment,in the proceedings of international conference for internet Technology and secured Transactions (ICITST-2007), London,UK Okah J (2008) Strategies of e-procurement Risk Management in the Oil and Gas Industry, in the proceedings of international conference for the internet Technology and secured Transactions. Frew, A. (2005) information and communication Technologies in Tourism Springer Computer Science. ISBN 3211241485. Stevels, A. (2002). Green Supply Chain Management Much More Than Questionnaires and ISO 14.001. IEEE, 96-100. Duber-Smith, D. C. (2005, August). The Green Imperative. Soap, Perfumery, and Cosmetics, 78 (8), pp. 24-26. Walton, S. V. (1998). The Green Supply Chain: Integrating Suppliers into Environmental Management Processes. International Journal of Purchasing and Materials, 34 (2), 2-11. Zhu, Q., Cote, R. P. (2004).Integrating Green Supply Chain into An Embryonic Eco-Industril Development: A Case Study of the Guitang Group. Journal of Cleaner Production, 12 (8-10), 1025-1035. Derek Parker, (2008 p 16), Holdens drive for green, lean supply chains, MANUFACTURERS MONTHLY www.manmonttily.coin.au R. Strattona,*, R.D.H. Warburtonb (2003) , The strategic integration of agile and lean supply, Int. J. Production Economics 85 183198 Patrick Penfield, (2007), Sustainability Can Be A Competitive Advantage Whitman School of Management Syracuse University M. K. Chien; L. H. Shih (2007) An empirical study of the implementation of green supply chain management practices in the electrical and electronic industry and their relation to organizational performances International Journal of Enviornmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 383-39 Yasutaka Kainumaa,_, Nobuhiko Tawara (2005) A multiple attribute utility theory approach to lean and green supply chain managementintl journal of production economics, Sources; Forrsster Research, JDA Software ( 2008), Going Lean and Green: The next focus of suppLy chain managemen,Manufacturing Business technology,www.MBTmag.com S. Khiewnavawongsa, E. K. Schmidt , Green power to the supply chain, Purdue University Madu, C.N.; Kuei, C.; Madu, I.E., (2002), A hierarchic metric approach for integration of green issues in manufacturing: a paper recycling application, J. Environ. Manage, 64, 261-272. Sarkis, J., (2005). Performance measurement for green supply chain management, Benchmarking: An. Int. J., 12(4), 330-353. Seuring , S., (2004). Integrated chain management and supply chain management comparative analysis and illustrative cases. J. Clean. Prod., 12, 1059-1071 Purba, R., (2002). Greening the supply chain: A new initiative in South East Asia, Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manage., 22(6), 632-655. Sarkis, J.; Tamarkin, M., (2005). Real options analysis for green trading: the case of greenhouse gases,Eng. Econ., 50, 273-294. Carter C.R.; Ellram L.M., (1998). Reverse Logistics: A Review of the Literature and Framework for Future Investigation, J. Bus. Logist., 19(1), 85-102. M. K. Chien; L. H. Shih, (2007), An empirical study of the implementation of green supply chain management practices in the electrical and electronic industry and their relation to organizational performances, International Journal of Enviornmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 383-394 Kirk Zylstra, (2007 p 10) Lean:The Antidote to Cost and Variation, supply chain management review Sidney Hill, Jr.,(2008) Forging a Lean supply chain, Manufacturing Business Technology Cox, A; L Chicksand and P Ireland. (2001) The E Business Report, Earlsgate press, Boston MA Williamson, E., A D.K Harrison, and M. Jordan, (2004, p 375-385), Information systems Development within supply chain management, International Journal of information Management Handfield, R.B. (1993), A resource dependence perspective of just-in-time purchasing, Journal of Operations Management, No. 11, pp. 289-311. Ansari, A. (1986), Survey identifies critical factors in successful implementation of just-in-time purchasing techniques,Industrial Engineering, October, pp. 44-50. Ansari, A. and Modarress, B. (1988), JIT purchasing as a quality and productivity center,International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 19-26. Semra Birgun Barla (2003), A case study of supplier selection for lean supply by using a mathematical modelJournal of logistics information management Vol 16 No 6, pp 451-459.

The Inequalities Of The Gender Pay Gap - 1511 Words

Introduction It is important to address the systemic inequalities of the gender pay gap. To do this, this essay will use Bacchi (2006) approach to analyse the text â€Å"Speech to HRINZ: The reasons for the Gender Pay Gap† by MP Paula Bennett. This essay will illustrate the theoretical perspective of liberal feminism to show the understanding of the problem, and the solutions of the gender pay gap. This essay will also look at two other theoretical perspectives, social democratic, and anti-racism and discuss their viewpoints and solutions towards the problem. What key ‘problem’ does the author identifying the text? The key problem that Bennett has identified in the text is the problematic issue of the gender pay gap in New Zealand. Bennett†¦show more content†¦In terms of the gender pay gap, liberal feminists attempt to create equal corresponding terms and conditions for women and men in employment (Ali, 2015). Liberal feminists see inequality through the gendered division of labour in which paid work done outside the home is managed by men, while unpaid work done inside the home is presumed by women (Cheyne et al., 2008). Bennett states that the gender pay gap was originally due to the traditional undervaluation of women in the workforce. However, it is no longer the case now as the majority of the prominent gender pay gap factors is unexplainable causes through conscious and unconscious gender bias. This correlates to the liberal feminist perspective as Bennetts states that the prejudicial attitudes of individual employers in the employment sphere which challenges women in the workpl ace. Hence, this attitude triggers the gender pay gap where women will intentionally receive lower pay than men. One significant value that Bennett has mentioned was her eager towards challenging all women to fight for themselves to break through. She wants women to combat the gender pay gap looming over their head that was left in place by the patriarchy so that recruitment agencies will alter their perceptions. The patriarchy is a social system that insists males are naturally dominant and superior while females are inferior andShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality : The Pay Gap1905 Words   |  8 Pagescomposed this informative essay on the chosen topic gender inequality: the pay gap is because I thought it’s an important topic to be explored and it ties into economic inequality. With my revisions, I focused on clarifying certain information I put into my essay from other sources so that women could have better explanations on how this information supports the overall paper. I attempted to cover three core areas that may be contributing to the pay gap in hopes that this would guide their attention onRead MoreGender Inequality : Gender Pay Gap975 Words   |  4 PagesThe gender pay gap in Hollywood The gender pay gap is the difference in pay earned by men and the pay earned by women.( Pay Equity Commission, 2012). There are various ways in measuring the pay gap between genders, such as full- time or full- year wage. Statistics Canada data ( 2012) displayed that the gender pay gap in Ontario was 26% for full- time and full- year employments, which means for every C$1 earned by a man, a woman earned 74 cents( Pay Equity Commission,2012).The pay gap has been narrowingRead MoreGender Pay Gap And Gender Inequality2247 Words   |  9 PagesGender pay gaps are defined as the average difference between men’s and women’s aggregate hourly earnings. One of the largest driving factors of the gender wage gap is the fact that men and women, on average, work in different industries and occupations. Women in every state experience the pay gap, but in some states it is worse than others. The pay gap affects women from all backgrounds, at all ages, and of all levels of educatio nal achievement. In 2014, women working full time in the UnitedRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Pay Gap1543 Words   |  7 Pagesthe gender pay gap in the UK. These theories are taste discrimination, statistical discrimination, human capital and occupational segregation. Other research and data are included in this essay as evidence to support the different theories. The four theories covered in this essay all provide some explanation for the gender pay gap in the UK, some more than others – statistical discrimination theory having the highest explanatory power for the magnitude of this pay gap. The gender pay gap can beRead MoreGender Wage Inequality1630 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussion of gender pay gap without defining it. Simply put, gender pay gap is the inequality between men and women wages. Gender pay gap is a constant international problem, in which women are paid, on average, less than that of their male counterpart. As to if gender pay gap still exist, its exactness fluctuates depending on numerous factors such as professional status, country and regional location, gender, and age. In regards to gender, in some cases, both men and women have stated that the gap doesRead MoreGender Inequality Of The Financial Sector1498 Words   |  6 PagesGender Inequality in the Financial Sector Inequality based on gender is an ongoing ethical issue that many women still face in the workplace. Gender inequality refers to unfair treatment and perceptions on another person’s gender and tends to happen a lot in many different companies and organizations. These types of inequality can range from women getting paid less then men or women not chosen for high positions in companies such as CEOs. As Hannah Gould points out in her newspaper article, â€Å"WeRead MoreEssay on Occupational Segregation994 Words   |  4 PagesOccupational Segregation Since the beginning of time, from all accounts, there has been some form of inequality between genders in society. This has become especially true in the workplace and for some people occupational segregation may be to blame. Occupational segregation is the grouping of similar jobs at similar workplaces. Not to be confused with job segregation which looks at specific jobs within specific workplaces, occupational segregation focuses on the occupation as a whole. An exampleRead MoreThe Construction And Experience Of Gender Inequality1395 Words   |  6 Pagesconstruction and experience of gender inequality. Men and women are constantly analyzed, compared, and grouped together in society. The result of this yields discrepancies in how sexes are viewed by society. Throughout my examination and explanation of gender inequality, I concluded both men and women are victims to gender inequality. I examined different professional industries in The United States to get a familiar understanding of gender inequality around me. Gender inequality does not particularly favorRead MoreGender Inequality : A Critical Issue That Affects Women s Rights1662 Words   |  7 PagesGender Inequality Research Paper Gender inequality is a critical issue that affects more women than their male counterparts all around the world. Gender inequality is a form of legal discrimination towards women’s rights. In order to progress and grow as a community and society, gender equality needs to be acknowledged. According to LISTVERSE, the top ten â€Å"extreme† examples of gender inequality towards women that exists around the world today, specifically in the Middle East and North Africa, areRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pages It is a known fact that women faced inequality in the past, however, it is arguable whether they still face inequality today. When bringing statistics to the table, there is a wage gap between men and women. This is caused by many things. For one, women have tended to exceed men when it comes to education. However, men still tend to receive better jobs with higher pay. This is because gender inequality. There is also inequalit y inside of the work place. Men tend to receive more promotional opportunities

Hamlets Love for Ophelia Essay - 776 Words

Hamlets Love for Ophelia In Hamlet, we are introduced to the complexities of a man who is struggling to murder his uncle while trying to understand his mothers motives. His inner turmoil has left him emotionally unavailable and completely disenchanted with humanity in general. Hamlet seems to be at his best when he is cruel which could reveal a deeper method for self-medication in which he hurts those he loves most - especially his mother Ophelia. However, while we can clearly discern his reasons for rejecting his mother, we are left with a sort of bitterness when it comes to Ophelia. Why does he treat her so cruelly? Through the very text in which he scolds her, we can uncover some answers that reveal†¦show more content†¦However, in determining its importance, we must first define the word nunnery in order to decipher what it represents within the context of its usage. A nunnery by definition is a haven where woman enter to become nuns. It can be measured as the purest form of sacrifice since the end is to serve God. So, we could discern that to be in a nunnery would surely deliver us from any possible contamination with evil; because a nunnery represents a place that is pure and virtuous. From this definition, we might conclude that Hamlet is metaphorically attempting to deliver Ophelia from evil, that he sees her as a nunnery - pure - virtuous! As if she represents all that is good with the world and he all that is corrupt and hopeless. So, while on the surface his words may seem cruel and hateful, his intentions in this light are quite noble. It is a love that Hamlet would rather loose through alienation than to corrupt with his association. Lastly, it is through his words I must be cruel only to be kind that we can correlate the relationship between his cruelty and his justification in being so (4.1. 177). This statement only serves to reinforce the notion that his use of specific words (while harsh crude at times) along with a certain passionate madness - are meantShow MoreRelatedHamlets Love for Ophelia1231 Words   |  5 PagesIntro to Literature Drama Paper Hamlet’s Love   Ã‚      In the tragic play  Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare, one of the most common themes found throughout the story’s plot is the theme of love. Shakespeare interlaces many layers of thematic love through the complex relationships of  Hamlet; primarily between Hamlet and Ophelia. From Act one until the final scene of the play, Hamlet struggles with the decision to kill Claudius while he concurrently tries to comprehend the chaos surroundingRead MoreHamlets Love For Ophelia1414 Words   |  6 Pagesfeelings for Ophelia until she is on her deathbed. This so called scholar is not intelligent enough to be aware of the fact that he is in love in Ophelia because his brain in clouded by the thought of revenge. A thought developed to help him achieve his goal of glory and bring him out if his funk ultimately makes him lose sight of something that would bring him pure joy, his love for Ophelia. Instead he pushes her away instead of expressing his true feelings. Although Haml et loses sight of his love for OpheliaRead MoreHamlet ´s Treatment of Ophelia and Gertrude Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesLove in the forms of parent to child and from lover to lover is an addictive element which can result in loneliness and lead to madness to those who lose it forever. Hamlets relationship with Gertrude and Ophelia is quick to fall apart after he learns key information about his parentage. Both Gertrude and Ophelia provide him with love but are absent at a time when he needs it most; during the reign of his madness. Hamlets madness is partly evident due to his poor relationship with Gertrude andRead MoreDid Hamlet Love Ophelia Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Sandoval Sandoval 1 Professor: Jamie F. Wheeler ENGL 1302.S17 Date 2/4/12 Did Hamlet Love Ophelia? Although some scholars argue that Hamlet has a concise story, it is filled with many uncertainties relating to Hamlet. One of which is Hamlet love for Ophelia, despite some argue otherwise, the evidence provides that the Prince truly did love Ophelia. The word â€Å"love† is a powerful one, both in real life, and in Shakespeares play Hamlet. It is often a confusing conceptRead MoreEssay on The Destruction of Love Between Hamlet and Ophelia1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe Destruction of Love Between Hamlet and Ophelia      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ophelia describes Hamlet as the courtiers soldier, scholars eye, tongue and sword, Thexpectancy and rose of fair state, the glass of fashion and the mould of form, Thobserved of all observers (Act 3 Scene 1) He is the ideal man. But, after his madness and the death of her father she sees him as a noble mind oer thrown! (Act 3 Scene 1). Ophelia suffers from Hamlets disillusionment; his attitude to her in Act 3 Scene 1 isRead MoreDoes Hamlet Love Ophelia Analysis1111 Words   |  5 Pagesof which is Hamlets love for Ophelia, despite some arguments against it, the evidence proves that the Prince truly did love Ophelia. The word â€Å"love† is a powerful one, both in real life, and in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet. This word is even harder to understand when the person behind it is constantly changing their mind, saying different things to others, and acting crazy, but despite this Hamlet seems to truly love Ophelia. Throughout Hamlet, his feelings towards Ophelia swing from love, to neverRead MoreHamlet Needs Horatio and Ophelia Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pageswithout its supporting characters. Horatio and Ophelia are often disregarded as supporting actors within the play. They spend very little time onstage, and when they are their roles seem trivial; however, their true purpose is much greater. The characters of Horatio and Ophelia have two very different functions in the play. Horatio is used as a foil for Hamlet, the person to whom Hamlet can discuss his course of action and act like his true self. Ophelia, however, has a major role that is not initiallyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Ophelia and Hamlet: William Shakespeare970 Words   |  4 Pagesmadness, such as Ophelia and Claudius, but in different forms. Existentialist philosopher Friedrich Nietzche says, â€Å"There is always some madness in love. But there is also some reason in madness.† What Nietzche is saying is tha t when you are in love with someone or something, there is always a little bit of madness or crazy to it, but there is also some reason, some explanation, to madness. This essay will prove Nietzche’s statement by looking at Ophelia and Hamlet’s relationship, Hamlet’s plot to foolRead MoreHamlet Temperament Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst â€Å"revenge tragedies† (â€Å"Hamlet: Violence†). Hamlet is considered to be a tragedy because at the end of the story only one major character, Horatio, is left alive. The revenge plot occurs mainly between Hamlet and Claudius after Claudius kills Hamlet’s father. As more people become involved on either side of their conflict, additional sources for revenge are presented as more people die. Psychologist David Keirsey has analyzed personal temperaments and how they can create struggle. Keirsey identifiesRead MoreHamlet And Ophelia Analysis1266 Words   |  6 Pagesplays written during the Elizabet han era told the love story of Hamlet and Ophelia. Throughout Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, some people struggle understanding if Hamlet’s love for Ophelia was genuine or if he was just feeling lust. I think that Hamlet was truly in love with Ophelia. Throughout most of the play, Hamlet showed his love for Ophelia in many different ways. Although he did break up with her at one point during the play and said he did not love her, it was obvious throughout the rest of the

My Attitude To Fracking In USA - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 574 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Technology Essay Level High school Tags: Fracking Essay Did you like this example? There are a lot of things in The United States of America , methods , that a lot of others dont exactly agree with. Whether that is tThe President , where our government is headed , Congress , etc. One of the most controversial topics of America is fFracking. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Attitude To Fracking In USA" essay for you Create order Fracking , a method that is when a mixture of water , rock and sand are drilled into the deepest rock with the highest pressure. With this method , comes a lot of pros and cons. Fracking can help reach resources of oil and gas that are difficult to reach , it boosted our oil production and it helps with our gas prices. However , there always seems to be consequences. Fracking causes earthquakes , not only that but it causes many homes that have families to have contaminated water. Those are only to worry about , unfortunately.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My claim for this is that I believe that Fracking should not be used , at all. Benefits are effective and are pretty obvious to see , but there is just too much at stake. Benefits that do help human beings but with a price , it affects everything else too. I do not believe that we should use fracking as there is too much at stake , between contaminated water to really bad earthquakes. Earthquakes that can damage homes ,to breaking tens of thousands of systems that people use for everyday life. These consequences as well , they last for a long time and fracking doesnt do a thing to help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are multiple concerns that are caused by the consequences of fracking and one of these concerns are environmental concerns. Animals are suffering these consequences , they are dying. Which also affects their ecosystems and their habitats. Fracking uses huge amounts of water that cost a lot of money that can be used to go feed the homeless or to help those who dont have health insurance. During fracking , chemicals that are dangerous are released and it results in contaminated water. Fracking causes a lot of consequences, more consequences than benefits. Professionals have stated that fracking isnt just a controversial topic , it distracts others from what is really important . Not setting a good example as it teaches others to use fossil fuels instead of renewable sources of energy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fracking ,itself is a damaging method. Drilling multiple holes into the earth to pump a nasty mixture of water , salt and sand , that isnt healthy. It seems that fracking causes more consequences than benefits , which it does. Benefits that help everybody but like I have said previously , too much is at stake. Its not healthy for the earth to pump in water , sand and salt. Its not healthy to have earthquakes that destroyed thousands of home and systems. It is not healthy to have animals go extinct . It is not healthy to have families drink contaminated water , and instead of spreading pollution we should be trying to stop it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To finish up this C-E-R, I do not believe we should use fracking. It is not healthy for the earth which is already suffering from pollution and climate change. Fracking have been banned from national parks. Many say that fracking is dirty fossil fuel that doesnt do anything but damage the earth , which I agree with. If fracking continues , the effect will spread. More earthquakes will happen , they will be stronger and longer . Contaminated water will spread as well as pollutions . Animals will die off , eventually their environments will too and that will affect our environment.

The History of the Armillary Sphere

An armillary sphere is a miniature representation of celestial objects in the sky, depicted as a series of rings centered around a globe. Armillary spheres have a long history. Early History of the Armillary Sphere Some sources credit Greek philosopher Anaximander of Miletus (611-547 BCE) with inventing the armillary sphere, others credit Greek astronomer Hipparchus (190-120 BCE), and some credit the Chinese. Armillary spheres first appeared in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE). One early  Chinese  armillary sphere can be traced to Zhang Heng, an astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 CE). The exact origin of armillary spheres cannot be confirmed. However, during the Middle Ages, armillary spheres became widespread and increased in sophistication. Armillary Spheres in Germany The earliest surviving globes were produced in Germany. Some were made by German map-maker Martin Behaim of Nuremberg in 1492. Another early maker of armillary spheres was Caspar Vopel (1511-1561), a German mathematician and geographer. Vopel made a small manuscript terrestrial globe housed within a series of eleven interlocking armillary rings produced in 1543. What Armillary Spheres Got Wrong By moving the armillary rings, you could theoretically demonstrate how the stars and other celestial objects moved in the sky. However, these armillary spheres reflected early misconceptions of astronomy. The spheres depicted  the Earth at the center of the universe, with interlocking rings illustrating the circles of the sun, moon, known planets, and important stars (as well as the signs of the zodiac). This makes them a model of the inaccurate Ptolemaic (or Earth-centered) cosmic system (as opposed to the  way things actually work, by the Copernican System, with the sun as the center of the solar system.) Armillary spheres  often got geography wrong, too—Caspar Vopels sphere, for instance, depicts North America and Asia as one land mass, a common misconception of the time.

The Women s Suffrage Era - 1209 Words

The Women’s Suffrage Era â€Å"The only Question left to be settled now is: Are Women Persons?† Susan Brownell Anthony inquired in a speech she divulged during the 1800s after she was arrested and fined for voting the year before (women s rights to the suffrage pg. 2). During the 1900s, and many years before that, women became vile to the fact of feeling suppressed. Two particular women became repulsive to the fact that women voting was a taboo subject. Because of the impact, these women had on the society, The women s suffrage movement took place. Eventually, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, causing acceptance to women voting. Due to the hardiments of determined female’s, because of their hostile feelings toward women’s suffrage,†¦show more content†¦Eventually becoming wealthy by starting a cotton mill. Despite the wealth, they lived a simple life, keeping up with their quaker faith. Quakers believed in equality between the sexes. Quakers is a member of the religious soc iety of friends. They often held â€Å"silent† meetings which relied on the hope of God appearing. Anthony was raised in an environment with outspoken women resulting in her outspoken personality. In 1849, Anthony quit her job and rejoined her parents, who moved to Rochester Newyork, where Anthony became intrigued with the fight for women s suffrage. Anthony was so intrigued with the fact that the U.S. verboten women to vote, that she soon strained. She cast her ballot at the presidential election of 1872. After two weeks she was arrested and convicted of illegally voting.(Quaker 1-3) Although she was not expecting to be arrested she planned to use this event in her favor. She was expected to pay a fine, which she refused, of one hundred dollars. The Court was contemplating their reaction to her audacious action. The indecisive court dropped that matter and let her go putting a stop to the case. In the year of 1873, Anthony delivered a speech discussing the women’s suf frage rights, expressing that voting was a right, not a privilege. Anthony s participation in several organizations and outspoken nature made her a target for criticism. The editors of the newspaper attempted to perceive her to the public as a â€Å"bitter spinster† who only had interest inShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Alice Stone Blackwells Response To The Progressive Movement818 Words   |  4 PagesProgressive Era was an era of reforms to bring the United States up from its corrupted and poverty-stricken condition. In light of these reforms, new ideas were formed, challenging tradition. Of these, the early women’s civil rights movements of the late 1890’s to late 1910’s stood as one of the most prominent. 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The women’s suffrage movement started in the decades before the Civil War, and eventually accomplished its goal in the year of 1920 when the 19th Amendment was ratified into the U.S. Constitution. After the U.S. Civil War, the women’s suffrage movement gained popularity and challenged traditional valu es and sexism in the country; the increase of progressive social values benefited the women suffragists by allowing them to succeedRead MoreRalph Waldo Emersons Connection To Transcendentalism1223 Words   |  5 Pagesviewing women as equal. Philip F. Gura, Transcendentalism and Social Reform, History Now, assessed May 14, 2017, https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/first-age-reform/essays/transcendentalism-and-social-reform. Emerson s support for women s suffrage prompted him to write A Reasonable Reform to promote anti-suffrage and allow women to vote so that it [brings] together a cultivated society of both sexes. Ralph Waldo Emerson, A Reasonable Reform (1881), in Women s Suffrage AssociationRead MoreThe Breaking Of Barriers By Elisabeth Israels Perry1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe Americas Dashawn Austin The Breaking of Barriers Women were such central forces in the progressive era and the increase of social cohesion mainly because they were everywhere. They were really dedicated when it came to their jobs, at home, and in their community. Whether them working as domestic workers, in farms, at a factory, or studying at school, women were basically in all areas that required labor intensive skills. They held jobs in manufacturing, offices, classrooms, and stores.WomenRead MoreWhat was the Women’s Suffrage Movement, and How did it Change America?711 Words   |  3 PagesSuffrage: the right to vote in political elections. The men in America have always had the right to vote. They have always had the right to do whatever they wanted. Women, on the other hand, have not. They haven’t always been allowed to vote. 1920 marked a significant landmark in American history. Women in all parts of the country voted in a political election for the first time. This may not sound like that big of a deal, but to the women of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1800s, women wereRead MoreWomens Movement Impact1449 Words   |  6 PagesThe Women s Movement, including the Women’s Rights Movement and The Women’s Suffrage Movement, had a significant impact on U.S history. In order to understand if the movement met the set goals, we must look at what the value of women is today. Politically, new laws and amendments were passed to support women and their rights. Socially, women became more respected and accepted. Economically, women were given more roles in society. 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This shows how passionate and distressed the suffragists are to get the 19th amendment passed, which would give women the right to vote. The films message, which is the hardships and adversity women had to withstandRead MoreThe Treaty Of The 19th Amendment1345 Words   |  6 Pagescentury. The right to vote for women will always be considered a mile marker by feminists- and it’s long term effects are often overlooked. The rati fication of the 19th Amendment led to a powerful, new agenda in the political world and a radical alteration from the nuclear gender stereotype of a woman. I chose this topic because the feminist agenda in the United States today is often ignored because it is mistaken for misandry. I have heard countless men ( and sadly, women) say that they are not â€Å"feminists†

A New Form of Expansion Essay - 803 Words

A New Form of Expansion Before the start of the Spanish-American War of the late nineteenth-century and World War I in the early twentieth century, the United States had encouraged expansion as being a way of gaining power. For example, the Frontier thesis, conveyed that it is through the expansion of new lands that humanity would continue to progress. Also the United States portrayed its impatience to expand through Manifest Destiny: the desire to expand from sea to sea with the goal to own and cultivate as much land as possible. However, as the late nineteenth and early twentieth century appeared, America experienced a change. It grew from an ambitious, power-seeking country, to the†¦show more content†¦Also, in John Hays First and Second Open Door Notes, he promotes the United States necessity for equal trade with China, which was the U.S main attempt to solve foreign issues, peacefully. Once more, through Senator Albert J. Beveridges Speech to 56th Congress, he claims that the Pacific is ou r oceanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.And the Pacific is the ocean of the commerce of the futureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The power that rules the Pacific, therefore, is the power that rules the world (Doc E). Throughout this time, the theory of the United States dream of Manifest Destiny and its sole desire of expansion supports the idea that the purpose of expansionism, is for foreign dominance - thus, the more land you have, the more power you control. The United States interfered with foreign affairs whenever necessary to keep order. As shown through the Annual Message to Congress, Theodore Roosevelt conveys that if it (a nation) keeps order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference from the United States (Doc F). The Platt Amendment of 1901 specified the conditions under which the U.S could intervene in Cubas internal affairs; stating that Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that might impair its independence. 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But the most important theme of U.S. history from the 1500’s to 1865 was expansion, from Europe to colonial America, and then the westward expansion of the United States. I believe the theme of expansion is so integral to American history because it incorporates elements of the previous two themes (racism and racist ideologies, and specialized regional development) into it; the European colonial expansion is where the regional economies and values where first developed and still exist, inRead MoreGame Theory Project1506 Words   |  7 Pages 1. Introduction Decision concerning electrical transmission network expansion has become harder in the last two decades. As a matter of fact, the power sector has been decentralized and the electricity market is now a competitive market. Thus a transmission expansion plan cannot follow the traditional planning criteria anymore. As a result, new techniques are developed in order to solve the transmission expansion problem TEP. Usually different optimization methods are used to solve theRead MoreCritically Evaluate the Main Potential Advantages and Disadvantages of Horizontal Expansion for a Company.1535 Words   |  7 Pagesversa. This essay will provide advantages and disadvantages of horizontal expansion by comparing it with vertical and diversified growth. The reader will be presented with the facts and at the end will be allowed to make his own decision. One major deciding factor on growth strategy will be the organisations long term strategy and the behaviour of the Markets, and its competitors. Horizontal expansion as well as other forms, can occur in a number of methods, this includes firm spending its own profitsRead MoreIntroduction. The Organization To Discuss In This Paper1107 Words   |  5 Pagesin several countries with highly centralized policies, but will need to introduce the products to the countries it wants to expand in, at a reduced cost, and further develop products that will draw in new customers. Another important strategy which can aid in expansion is for the organization to form partnerships with companies in various countries to increase its capacity and diversify its portfolio of the products. For Micron to grow further and to successfully penetrate the international market

Analysis Of Ronald Aker s First Social Learning Theory

Theoretical Background Social Learning Theory Ronald Aker’s first social learning theory article was first published as a way to explain Sutherland’s claim the â€Å"Criminal behavior is learned† (Willams McShane, 2014). Aker believed that most deviant behavior is learned through social interaction. The main components of Aker’s social learning theory focused on differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement, and imitation. A study performed by Kim Lersch (1999) found that social learning theory can reliably account for learned deviant behaviors such as educational deception. Differential association. Differential association was first defined by Sutherland (1949) to mean â€Å"the contents of patterns presented in association† with others varies from person to person. Therefore, determining whether someone is more likely to commit academic or research misconduct is primarily based on social interactions amongst their peer groups. According to Eric Anderman and Tamera Murdock (2007), the disapproval from peers has a large impact on the decrease of academic misconduct. Melissa Anderson, Karen Louis, and Jason Earle (1994) found links between socialization and research misconduct. It would be appropriate to view faculty members as the dominant arbitrators who instruct and socialize students into the academic research culture. Definitions. Individuals develop attitudes regarding deviant behavior based on their close relationships with different peer groups. TheShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers And The United States1743 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause they want to. Rehabilitation is not obtainable for serial killers due to their inability for remorse and empathy, or to see people as people and not objects(Knight 2006). This research paper will focus primarily on serial murder within the U.S. First and foremost, a legal definition provided by the U.S. Department of Justice will be presented to set forth the discussion of this research paper. As follows will be a detailed discussion explaining serial killer typologies with the use of examplesRead MoreSociological View on Deviance and Drug Use Essay8777 Words   |  36 Pagesdrug use that we do not already know? If there is anything distinctive about the sociologist view, it is their emphasis on social context. One of the central ideas of all human experience is meaning. Meaning is something imposed and socially made-up, and has two features: it is both external and internal. Meaning is assigned externally to objects and behavior by social cooperation. But it is also assigned by the individual (internal): it is arrived at as a result of a private act of choosingRead More Differential Association Essay3062 Words   |  13 Pagesof crime that emphasized human behavior as determined by social and physical environmental factors, rather than genetic or personal characteristics. (Gaylord, 1988:7-12) With his studies completed he began work at the University of Minnesota from 1926 to 1929 where his reputation as a leading criminologist was enhanced. At this time, his focus became sociology as a scientific enterprise whose goal was the understanding and control of social problems, including crime. (Gaylord, 1988:13) After hisRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 PagesStudent Study Guide for Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers’ Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Applications Fourth Edition Prepared by Eric See Youngstown State University Roxbury Publishing Company Los Angeles, California 1 Student Study Guide by Eric See for Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application , 4th Edition by Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers Copyright  © 2004 Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, CaliforniaRead MoreEssay Homicide in Puerto Rico2720 Words   |  11 Pages3 Statement of the problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Social Disorganization Theory of Crime†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 The Social Learning Theory of Crime†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Abstract In recent years Puerto Rico has shown staggering homicide rates, establishing the cause(s) for this development would be the first step in resolving the dilemma. 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Descriptive essay Adrian Peterson - 1060 Words

Dionte Richards English Comp1 3/20/13 Descriptive essay Adrian Peterson is known as a running back for the Minnesota Vikings. He is a role model who shows pride and courage in every down he plays even through all of his trials and tribulations he faced. This phenomenal man is an exciting player who gets people excited, ecstatic, or whatever type of joy you could possibly have when you see him run the football. He just makes you want to watch the game of football. The people who followed or knew Adrian Peterson since he was young would say those words. Because he can do it all he will either break multiple tackles, make you look silly or just run past you, and just show how determined he was to dominate the game of football all the†¦show more content†¦Later Adrian Peterson went to Westwood High school where he couldn’t play until his junior year because of transportation situations. Once that was situated Adrian Peterson rushed for more than 2,000 yards and scored 22 touchdowns in his junior year. After t his year college recruits drooled over his natural talent and his physical stature as he stood at six feet and two inches also weighing in at an amazing 215 pounds. Some people may not know this but Adrian Peterson size is huge for any running back. Adrian Peterson finished up his senior year with extraordinary numbers, he signed to the University of Oklahoma. In his first year as a sooner things didn’t go quite as expected. Adrian Peterson fought through his obstacles despite his terrific freshman season when he was a Heisman trophy candidate by leading his struggling team in rushing from worst to the best. He suffered a shoulder injury that some thought would be career ending but Adrian Peterson did not give up even though it was bothering him tremendously. As he went through the games with this pain Adrian knew that it was too much so he sat out for the rest of his sophomore year. Next year Adrian Peterson had no injuries coming in and he felt that this year was going to b e his year because he knew how hard he worked. In his junior season Peterson aggravated his shoulder so much that he couldn’t do anything, this was a disappointment for him as he was hoping to enter the Nfl Draft that year.Show MoreRelatedSports17369 Words   |  70 Pagesfurther research on various topics, along with an approach to reporting on your reading that encourages critical thinking. Exercise 1.4 is a â€Å"Fill in the blanks,† with the answers on the next page, as is Exercise 2.3 â€Å"Sport history firsts,† and the essays in Exercise 2.4 have suggested inclusions for answers. If you are interested in doing survey scholarship, there are two examples here: Exercise 4.5 offers directions on how to get information on audiences for the Olympic Games, along with a sampleRead MoreSports17363 Words   |  70 Pagesfurther research on various topics, along with an approach to reporting on your reading that encourages critical thinking. Exercise 1.4 is a â₠¬Å"Fill in the blanks,† with the answers on the next page, as is Exercise 2.3 â€Å"Sport history firsts,† and the essays in Exercise 2.4 have suggested inclusions for answers. If you are interested in doing survey scholarship, there are two examples here: Exercise 4.5 offers directions on how to get information on audiences for the Olympic Games, along with a sampleRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesFinancial Reporting, 1st Edition_Michael J. Sandretto (SM) Cases in Financial Reporting, 1st Edition_Michael J. 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